Illustrate the following reactions giving a chemical equation in each case:
(i) Gabriel phthalimide synthesis
(ii) A coupling reaction.
(iii) Hoffmann's bromamide reaction.

Give one chemical test each to distinguish between the compounds in the following pairs:
(i) Methyleamine and dimethylamine
(ii) Aniline and benzylamine
(iii) Ethylamine and aniline

How would you achieve the following conversions?
(i) Nitrobenzene to aniline
(ii) An alkyl halide to a quaternary ammonium salt.
(iii) Aniline to benzonitrile.
Write the chemical equation with reaction conditions in each case.

A compound 'X' having molecular formula C₃H₇NO, reacts with Br₂ in presence of KOH to give another compound 'Y'. The compound Y reacts with NHO₂ to form ethanol and N₂ gas. Identify the compounds X and Y and write the reactions involved.

An aliphatic compound 'A' with molecular formula C₂H₃Cl on treatment with AgCN hives two isomeric compounds of unequal amounts with the molecular formula C₃H₃N. The minor of nthese two products on complete reduction with H₂ in the presence of Ni gives a compound 'B' with  molecular formula C₃H₉N. Identify the compounds 'A' , 'B' and write the reactions involved.

Iodomethane reacts with KCN to form a major product 'A' . Compund 'A' on reduction in presence of LiAIH₄ forms a higher amine 'B'. Compound B on treatment with CuCl₂ frms a blue colour complex 'C'. Identify the compounds 'A', 'B'  and 'C' .

Explain why the amino group in aniline acts as a powerful activator and ortho and para director towards electrophilic substitution reaction.

A hydrocarbon 'A' (C₄H₈) on reaction with HCI gives a compound 'B' , (C₄H₁₁N). On reacting with NaNO₂ and HCI followed by treatment with water, compound 'C'. Ozonolysis of 'A' gives 2 moles of acetaldehyde. Identify compounds 'A' to 'D' . Explain the reactions involved.

A colourless substance 'A' (C₆H₇N) is sparingly soluble in water and gives a water soluble compound 'B' on treating with mineral acid. On reacting with CHCl₃ and alcoholic potash 'A' produces an obnoxious smell due to the formation of compoung 'C'. Reaction of 'A' with benzenesulphonyl chloride gives compound 'D' which is soluble in alkali. With NaNO₂ and HCl, 'A' forms compound 'E' which reacts with phenol in alkaline medium to give an orange dye 'F' . Identify compounds 'A' to 'F'.

Predict the reagent or the product in the following reaction sequence.