Who were the most powerful rulers of Magadha?

3

(a)

Why was the capital city of mahajanapadas fortified?

3

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What were the characteristics of the earthen pots used by the people in janapadas?

3

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In what ways was the Vajji sangha different from the other mahajanapadas? Try and list at least three differences.

3

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Who were the groups who could not participate in the assemblies of the ganas?

3

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Why did the rajas of mahajanapadas build forts?

3

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Can you think why kings would encourage these changes?

3

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Why did people oppose the system of varna?

3

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List two ways in which rajas of the Mahajanapadas were different from those mentioned in the Rigveda

3

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Which two major changes came in agriculture during the days of Mahajanapadas?

3

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How was army maintained by the Rajas?

3

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What functions were performed by the Rajas of Sangha?

3

(a)

State some of the findings of the archaeologists related to Janapadas

3

(a)

Write a few lines about Alexander.

3

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Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:
"We have many books that were composed in north India, especially in the areas drained by the Ganga and the Yamuna during this period. These books are often called later Vedic, because they were composed after the Rigveda. These include the Samaveda, Yajurveda and Atharvaveda, as well as other books. These were composed by priests, and they described how rituals were to be performed. They also contained rules about society."
(i) What name was given to the books composed after Rigveda?
(ii) Name the later vedic books
(iii) Who composed these books?
(iv) What was the content of these books?

3

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