What is the residual volume of air in a normal human?

1

(a)

1 to 1.1 litre

(b)

1.1 to 1.2 litre

(c)

1.2 to 1.3 litre

(d)

1.3 to 1.0 litre.

Which of the following is the correct sum for total lung capacity?

1

(a)

TV+ ERV

(b)

RV + TV + IRV

(c)

ERV + TV + IRV

(d)

RV+ ERV + TV + IRV

Which centre of the central nervous system is primarily responsible for regulation of respiration?

1

(a)

Pneumotaxic Centre

(b)

Chemosensitive Centre

(c)

Respiratory Rhythm Centre

(d)

Respiratory Control Centre

What controls the respiratory rhythm in human beings?

1

(a)

The respiratory rhythm is under dual control, i.e., nervous and chemical

Give the name of some common respiratory disorders

1

(a)

Asthma, emphysema, occupational lung disorders (e.g., silicosis and asbestosis)

Cigarette smoking causes emphysema.Give reason.

1

(a)

Cigarette smoking causes damages to the alveolar walls and reduces elasticity of the lungs, which leads to decreased respiratory surface for exchange of gases.Thus, causing emphysema

Give the name of the three major layers of diffusion membrane.

1

(a)

(i) Thin squamous epithelium of alveoli.
(ii) Endothelium of alveolar capillaries.
(iii) Basement substance in between

How is negative pressure breathing helpful for mammals?

1

(a)

It allows the mammals to eat and breathe at the same time.

What do you understand by forceful expiration?

1

(a)

It is the additional volume of air that can be expired forcibly after normal expiration. It is about 1000-1100 mL.

Where is carbonic anhydrase found in human body?

1

(a)

Carbonic anhydrase is an fastest enzyme known so far. It is found in RBC.

What does the oxygen haemoglobin dissociation curve indicate?

2

(a)

How is CO₂ transported in human body

2

(a)

What is the effect of pCO₂ on oxygen transport?

2

(a)

Differentiate between oxyhaemoglobin and carbaminohaemoglobin

2

(a)

What happens to the respiratory process in a man going up a hill?

2

(a)

A person dies in an accident in which his chest cavity was punctured, but no lung damage was there. Point out the cause of death.

3

(a)

State the route of foul air from the lungs to outside. Also state whether TV increases or decreases during excitement and activity.

3

(a)

Explain chemical control of respiratory rhythm

3

(a)

Why is it not advisable to sleep in closed rooms warmed with burning of coals continuously?

3

(a)

Which of the regulatory centre of respiration can reduce the inspiratory duration when it is stimulated?

3

(a)

What is Tidal volume? Find out the Tidal volume (approximate value) for a healthy human in an hour.

5

(a)

Define oxygen dissociation curve. Can you suggest any reason for its sigmoidal pattern?

5

(a)

Distinguish between
(a) IRV and ERV
(b) Inspiratory capacity and Expiratory capacity.
(c) Vital capacity and Total lung capacity.

5

(a)