Show the structure of a renal corpuscle with the help of a diagram

3

(a)

What is ureotelism? Describe the process of formation of urea.

3

(a)

Where does the urine formation take place? Name the processes involved in the formation of urine.

3

(a)

Where do ultrafiltration, reabsorption, and secretion occur in a nephron?

3

(a)

How is glomerular filtrate hypertonic and hypotonic in descending and ascending limb of loop of Henle,respectively.What is the effect of ADH on collecting tubules.

3

(a)

Write a brief note on atrial natriuretic factor.

3

(a)

Explain the autoregulatory mechanism of GFR.

3

(a)

Give a brief account of the counter current mechanism.

3

(a)

Describe the role of liver, lungs and skin in excretion.

3

(a)

Explain micturition.

3

(a)

How much fluid is filtered by glomerulus in a day? Why is the amount of urine produced is much lesser than GFR?

3

(a)

Draw a well labelled diagram of glomerulus.

3

(a)

Mechanism of concentration of the filtrate

3

(a)

Function of kidney is regulated by several mechanisms. Discuss reasons for this.

3

(a)

What is the function of collecting duct in kidneys?

3

(a)