(a)Mention the role of vectors in recombinant DNA technology. Give any two examples.

(b)With the help of diagrammatic representation only, Show the steps of recombinant DNA technology.

Can you list 10 recombinant proteins which are used in medical practice. Find where they are used as therapeutics.

What are bioreactors? Sketch the two types of bioreactors. What is the utility? Which is the common type of bioreactors?

How do bioreactors help in production of recombinant proteins?

David came to India to meet hid friend Anil. Anil introduced him to his uncle and told that David is pursuing course in biotechnology. Uncle had never heard this term earlier and was curious to know about this term. David pointed towards a big tree at the base of which were present numerous tumour-like structures and said that this is the example of natural biotechnology.
Read the above passage and answer the following questions :(i) What is biotechnology?
(ii) How are crown gall tumours formed ?
(iii) Why was uncle curious to know about biotechnology ?

Shilpi heard about clones in cartoon serials on TV and also came to know about "Dolly" as a cloned sheep. She discussed it with her biology teacher who explained the meaning of clone and the method to raise the clones.
Read the above passage and answer the following questions :
(i) What is a clone ?
(ii) How clones are produced in plants ?
(iii) Why did Shilpi discuss the matter with her biology teacher ?

Following figure shows one of the artificial plasmids constructed to act as a vector.

(i) With reference to above figure explain the importance of the plasmids having a single target site for a particular restriction enzyme, such as Bam HI.
(ii) The genes for ampicillin resistance and tetracycline resistance on the plasmid allow the genetic engineer to distinguish between bacteria that have taken up different circuits of DNA.
Complete the table to shoe whether bacteria which have taken up each of the different circuits of DNA are resistance to ampicillin, to tetracycline or to both. Show presence of resistance with a tick(\(\surd \)) and absence of resistance with a cross(\(\times \)).

 (iii) (a) Explain why genes for antibiotic resistance are now rarely used as markers in gene technology.
      (b) Describe the use of one alternative marker gene that can be used instead of an antibiotic resistance gene.

Explain briefly Chitinase 

Unless the vector and source DNA are cut, fragments separated and joined, the desired recombinant vector molecule cannot be created.
(a) How are the desirable DNA sequence cut?
(b) Explain the technique used to separate the cut fragments.
(c)How are the resultant fragments joined to the vector DNA molecule?

(a) Describe the different steps in one complete cycle fPCR.
(b) State the purpose of such an amplified DNA sequence.