Other languages used in the sub-continent belong to different families. For instance, those used in the North-East belong to the Tibero-Burrnan family. South Indian languages like, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam belong to the Dravidian family. The languages spoken in Jharkhand and parts of Central India belong to the Ausrro-Asiatic family.

The important differences between the Rigveda and the modern books are:
(i) The books we use today an: written and printed. Bur the Rigv~a was memorised and recited by the students and passed on to later generations. The Rigveda was printed less than 200 years ago.
(ii) The Rigveda was composed in old or Vedic Sanskrit. This is different from the Sanskrit language which is learned by students today.

The Rigveda is the oldest Veda, composed about 3500 years ago. It includes more than a thousand hymns called sukta or "well-said". These hymns are in praise of various Gods and Goddesses. Three Gods are especially important:Agni, the God of fire; Indra, a warrior God, and Soma, a plant from which a special drink was prepared.

Kings of China got suribes to write questions on the bones of animal called oracle bones. For example would they win battles? Would the harvest be good Would they have sons? The bones were then put into the fire, and they cracked because of the heat. Fortunetellers studied the cracks of oracle bones. They tried to predict the future. They sometimes made mistakes also.

The burials have some common features as:
(i) The dead were buried with distinctive pots, which are called Black and Red Ware. 
(ii) Moreover tools and weapons of iron and sometimes, skeletons of horses, horse equipment and ornaments of stone and gold are found in these burials.

Battles were fought because:
(i) Land was important for pasture and for growing hardy crops that ripened quickly, such as barley. This is why battles were fought for the land.
(ii) Some battles were also fought for water and to capture people.
(iii) Battles were fought to capture cattle also.

From the Rigveda we know that there was no regular army at that time. There were assemblies where people met and discussed matters of war and peace. Most men took part in the battle. They chose leader who were brave and skilful warriors. Leaders used horse chariot in the battlefield. Battles were usually fought for land and water. Sometimes battles were also fought for cattle and people Capturing people the rajas made them as dasas (slaves). The power and strength of the Raja depend on land and cattle they had. Initially the struggle was between the Arya tribes and non-Arya tribes As the domination of Arya tribes increased, the power struggle between the Arya tribes seem to have begun.

In the Rigveda, there are two groups who are described in terms of their work - the priests, sometimes called brahmins, who performed various rituals, and the rajas.
(i) At that time, rajas did not have capital cities, palaces or armies, nor did they collect taxes. Generally, sons did not automatically succeed fathers as rajas.
(ii) In the Rigveda, to describe the people or the community as a whole, the words - 'jana' and 'vish' were used.
(iii) Several vish or jana are mentioned, for example, the Puru jana or vish, the Bharata jana or vish, the Yadu jana or vish, and so on.
(iv) The people who composed the hymns described themselves as Aryas and called their opponents as Dasas or Dasyus.