Explain the production of x-rays.

Write a note on continuous x-ray spectra.

Determine the distance of closed approach when an alpha particle of kinetic energy 4.5 MeV strikes a nucleus of Z = 80, stops and reverses its direction.

A 12.3 eV electron beam is used to bombard gaseous hydrogen at room temperature. Upto which energy level the hydrogen atoms would be excited? Calculate the wavelengths of the second member of Lyman series and second member of Balmer series.

The ground state energy of the hydrogen atom is -13.6 eV. If an electron makes a transition from an energy level -1.51 eV to -3.4 eV, calculate the wavelength of the spectral line emitted and name the series of hydrogen spectrum to which it belongs.

Write a note on characteristic x - ray spectra:

Write the application of x-rays.

When an electron in hydrogen atom jumps from the third excited state to the grand state, how would the de Broglie wavelength associated with the electron change? Justify your answer.

For photo electronic effect in sodium, the figure shows the plot of cut-off voltage versus frequency of incident radiation. Calculate
(i) threshold frequency
(ii) work function for sodium.

A monochromatic light source of power SmW emits 8 x 10¹⁵ photons per second. This light ejects photo electrons from a metal surface. The stopping potential for this set up is 2V. Calculate the work function of the metal.

Determine the value of the de Broglie wavelength associated with the electron orbiting in the ground state of hydrogen atom (Given En = -(13.6 n²) eV and Bohr radius r₀ = 0.53 Å). How will the de Broglie wavelength change when it is in the first excited state?

An electron and a proton, each have the de Brogile wavelength of 1.00 nm.
(i) Find the ratio of their momenta.
(ii) Compare the kinetic energy of the proton with that of the electron.

Write briefly the underlying principle used in Davison-Germer experiment to verify wave nature of electrons experimentally. What is the de-Broglie wavelength of an electron with kinetic energy (KE) 120 eV?

The stopping potential in an experiment on photoelectric effect is 1.5V. What is the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons emitted?