A 30 year old woman has bleedy diarrhoea for the past 14 hours, which one of the following organisms is likely to cause this illness?

(a)

Streptococcus pyogens

(b)

Clostridium difficile

(c)

Shigella dysenteriae

(d)

Salmonella enteritidis

Cirrhosis of liver is caused by chronic intake of ______

(a)

Opium

(b)

Alcohol

(c)

Tobacco

(d)

Cocaine

The sporozoite of the malarial parasite is present in ______

(a)

saliva of infected female Anopheles mosquito

(b)

RBC of human suffering from malaria.

(c)

Spleen of infected humans

(d)

Gut of female Anopheles mosquito

Spread of cancerous cells to distant sites is termed as

(a)

Metastasis

(b)

Oncogenes

(c)

Proto-oncogenes

(d)

Malignant neoplasm

AIDS virus has

(a)

Single stranded RNA

(b)

Double stranded RNA

(c)

Single stranded DNA

(d)

Double stranded DNA

Given below are some human organs. Identify one primary and one secondary lymphoid organ. Explain its role. Liver, thymus, stomach, thyroid, tonsils.

What are interferons? Mention their role.

Explain the process of replication of retrovirus after it gains entry into the human body.

Explain the structure of immunoglobulin with suitable diagram.

What is vaccine? What are its types?

Autoimmunity is a misdirected immune response. Justify.

A patient was hospitalized with fever and chills. Merozoites were observed in her blood. What is your diagnosis?

List the common withdrawal symptoms of drugs and alcohol abuse.