The refraction oflight on going from one medium to another takes place according to two laws which are known as the laws of refraction of light. These laws are
1. The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction is always constant for the pair of media in contact.
\(\frac{\sin i}{\sin r}=\mu=\text { constant }\)
This constant is called refractive index of the second medium with respect to the first medium.
Refractive index is also defined as the ratio of speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in medium.
2. The incident ray, refracted ray and normal all lie in the same plane.
This law is called Snell's law of refraction.
(i) When light travels from air to glass,
(a) angle of incidence > angle of refraction
(b) angle of incidence < angle of refraction
(c) angle of incidence = angle of refraction
(d) can't say
(ii) When light travels from air to medium, the angle of incidence is 45° and angle of refraction is 30°. The refractive index of second medium with respect to the first medium is 

(iii) In which medium, the speed of light is minimum?

(iv) If the refractive index of glass is 1.5 and speed of light in air is 3 x 10⁸ m/s. The speed of light in glass is

(v) Refractive index of a with respect to b is 2. Find the refractive index of b with respect to a.

A lens is a piece of any transparent material bounded by two curved surfaces. There are two types of lenses convex lens and concave lens.

Convex lens is made up of a transparent medium bounded by two spherical surfaces such that thicker at the middle and thinner at the edges. Concave lens is also made up of a transparent medium such that thicker at the edge and thinner at the middle. The mid point of the lens is called optical centre.
A point on the principal axis, where the incident parallel rays meet or appears to come out after refraction is called focus.
A convex lens converges a parallel beam of light to other side whereas concave lens spreads out.
(i) Which of the following lenses would you prefer to use while reading small letters found in dictionary?
(a) A convex lens of focal length 50 cm
(b) A concave lens of focal length 50 cm
(c) A convex lens of focal length 5 cm
(d) A concave lens of focal length 5 cm
(ii) Which type oflenes are shown in given figure (i) and (ii).

(a) Plano concave, concavo convex
(b) Plano convex, convexo concave
(c) Double concave, concave convex
(d) Convexo concave, double convex
(iii) A small bulb is placed at the focal point of a converging lens. When the bulb is switched on, the lens produces
(a) a convergent beam of light 
(b) a divergent beam of light
(c) a parallel beam of light
(d) a patch of coloured light
(iv) The part oflens through which the refraction takes place is called

(v) A water drop acts as a

The lenses forms different types of images when object placed at different locations. When a ray is incident parallel to the principal axis, then after refraction, it passes through the focus or appears to come from the focus.When a ray goes through the optical centre of the lens, it passes without any deviation.
If the object is placed between focus and optical center of the convex lens, erect and magnified image is formed. As the object is brought closer to the convex lens from infinity to focus, the image moves away from the convex lens from focus to infinity. Also the size of image goes on increasing and the image is always real and inverted. A concave lens always gives a virtual, erect and diminished image irrespective to the position of the object.
(i) The location of image formed by a convex lens when the object is placed at infinity is

(ii) When the object is placed at the focus of concave lens, the image formed is

(iii) The size of image formed by a convex lens when the object is placed at the focus of convex lens is

(iv) When the object is placed at 2F in front of convex lens, the location of image is

The relationship between the distance of object from the lens (u), distance of image from the lens (v) and the focal length (j) of the lens is called lens formula. It can be written as\(\begin{equation} \frac{1}{f}=\frac{1}{v}-\frac{1}{u} \end{equation}\)
The size of image formed by a lens depends on the position of the object from the lens. A lens of short focal length has more power whereas a lens of long focal length has less power. When the lens is convex, the power is positive and for concave lens, the power is negative.
The magnification produced by a lens is the ratio of height of image to the height of object as the size of the image relative to the object is given by linear magnification (m).
When, m is negative, image formed is real and when m is positive, image formed is virtual. If m < 1, size of image is smaller than the object. If m > 1, size of image is larger than the object.
(i) An object 4 cm in height is placed at a distance of 10 cm from a convex lens of focal length 20 cm. The position of image is

(ii) In the above question, the size of image is

(iii) An object is ,placed 50 cm from a concave lens and produces a virtual image at a distance of 10 cm infrontof lens. The focal length of lens is

(iv) A convex lens forms an image of magnification -2 of the height of image is 6 cm, the height of object is

(v) A concave lens offocallength 5 ern, the power oflens is