Marginal concept is concerned with variations of Y (on the margin of X), that is, it is the variation corresponding in Y to a very small variation in X. (X is the independent variable and Y is the dependent variable).

\(\int { ({ x }^{ 2 } } +x-1)dx=\int { { x }^{ 2 } } dx+\int { xdx } -\int { dx } \)
\(=\frac { { x }^{ 2+1 } }{ 2+1 } +\frac { { x }^{ 1+1 } }{ 1+1 } -x+c\)
\(=\frac { { x }^{ 3 } }{ 3 } +\frac { { x }^{ 2 } }{ 2 } -x+c\)
 

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): An investment in a business by an investor from another country.
Foreign Private Investment (FPI): It comprises Foreign Direct Investment and Foreign Portfolio Investment.

Employment occurs only n a particular season supported by natural circumstances and the remaining period of a year the rural people are unemployed (or) partially employed. In seasons like ploughing, sowing, weeding and harvesting there is scarcity of labour and in the rest of the year there is unemployment

i) Cost of Raw materials.
ii) Fuel cost.
iii) Electricity charges.
iv) Wages of temporary workers.

i) Production refers to all activities which are under taken to produce goods which satisfy human wants.
ii) Production means the creation of utilities.
iii) Production is the process of Transformation take place inputs are converted into an output.

ii) Marginal Utility: Marginal utility is the addition made to the total utility by consuming one more unit of a commodity. For example if a consumer consumes 10 apples, the marginal utility is the utility derived from the 10th units. It is nothing but the total utility of 10 apples minus the total utility of 9th apples
MU _n = TUⁿ- Tu^n-1.

The ownership rights of use and control of the land were held by the tiller himself.

Rent = Actual earning - Transfer earning.

TR = 20Q-2Q²     ∴ Q⁰=1
MR = 20(1)Q^1-4 - 2(2)Q^2-1
20Q^o-4Q¹
20(1) - 4Q
20-4Q
WhenQ = 3
MR = 20-4Q
20 - 4(3)
20-12
MR = 8

An indifference curve is the locus of different combinations of 2 commodities which gives the consumer the same level of satisfaction.

Thoothukudi is known as "Gateway of Tamil Nadu" because Thoothukudi is the major chemical producer in the state.

Y.K.R.Y. Rao was deeply interested in three large themes. They were
(1) National Income
(2) Food, Nutrition and the distribution of good.
(3) Employment and occupational distributions.

(ii) Market means a place or geographical area, where buyers and sellers meet together.
(ii) Buyers and sellers who involve in the transaction of goods and services.

\(\mathrm{AC}=\frac{\mathrm{TC}}{x} \)
\(\mathrm{TC}=60+10 x+15 x^{2} \)
\(\mathrm{AC}=\frac{60}{x}+10+15 x\)

Longevity (measured by life expectancy at birth), Educational attainments, and Standard of living (measured by real GDP per capita).

Rural Development is a process of improving the rural areas, rural people and rural living.

MP is the addition made to the total product when one more unit of the inputs employed.
MP =\(\Delta \)TP / \(\Delta \)N or MP = TP(n) - TP(n-1)

It is the practice of travelling abroad to places of historical or cultural interest or heritage importance including churches, mosques, temples, sacred mountains & caves.

Disinvestment means selling of government securities of public sector undertakings to other PSUs or private sectors or banks.

Expenditure involved in selling the product is selling cost. (eg) advertisement. Selling cost changes the position of the demand curve.

(i) Goods are tangible and have physical dimension.
(ii) Goods are transferable and have value in exchange.

Personal distribution - the distribution of national income among individuals.
Functional distribution - the distribution of income among four factors of production.

The amount of money that a producer receives in exchange for the sale of goods is revenue.

(i) India is a mixed economy where agriculture is the main occupation.
(ii) The human capital is young and its economy is one of the most stable in the world.