• Albuquerque (1509-1515), the.successor of Almeida, was the real founder of the Portuguese empire in India.
• He defeated Yusuf Adil Khan, the ruler of Bijapur in 1510 and captured Goa.
• He developed Goa into a centre of commerce by making all the ships sail on that route.
• He encouraged people of all faiths to settle in Goa.

May 1761 Puli Thevar's three major forts namely Nerkattumseval, Vasudevanallur and Panayur came under the control of Yusuf Khan

The introduction of plantation crops and slope cultivation in Ceylon, Mauritius, Fiji, Malaya, the Caribbean islands, Natal and South Africa required enormous labour.

The Brahmo Samaj broke into two namely Devendranath Tagore's, 'Brahmo Samaj of India' and Keshub Chandra Sen's 'Sadharan Brahmo Samaj'.

After the death of Madhav Rao II, Baji Rao II, the son of Raghunath Rao became the Peshwa and was the last Peshwa

The most popular Sufi orders were Chistis, Suhrawardis, Qadiriyahs and Naqshbandis.

The British forced the Peshwa to sign a new treaty at Poona in 1817.
Accordingly, The Peshwa resigned the headship of the Maratha confederacy.
Ceded Konkan to the British and recognised the independence of the Gaikwar

1. Ravidas devotional songs were included in the Sikh Scriptures.
2. Ravidas spoke against social divisions of caste and gender, and promoted unity in the pursuit of personal spiritual freedoms.

1. The British neglected irrigation.
2. The irrigation channels and tanks built by Indian rulers fell into disuse and there was little effort on the part of the Company to undertake repairs or renovation works.
3. In Madras, as we will see in the following section, a few irrigation works were carried out because of the personal enthusiasm of Arthur Cotton, an Engineering officer.

Dayananda's Shuddi (purification) movement i.e., conversion of non-Hindus to Hindus. was controversial and provoked controversies especially with the Ahmadiya movement

• Three of his battles are important; the 1801 battle on Cauvery banks, the 1802 battle in Odanilai and the 1804 battle in Arachalur.
• The last and the final one was in 1805.
• During the final battle, Chinnamalai was betrayed by his cook Chinnamalai and was hanged in Sivagiri fort

1.Harihara and Bukka, the eldest sons of one Sangama, earlier serving the Hoysala rulers of Karnataka, asserted their independence and laid foundation for a new kingdom in about 1336
2. Initially their capital was in or near about Anegondi on the north bank of the Tungabhadra river.But soon it was shifted to the Hoysala town Hosapattana (near Hampi) on the south bank.
3. The capital was expanded and renamed Vijayanagara, the city of Victory.

• Factory in the then context referred to a warehouse or a place where factors, or commercial agents, resided to transact business for their employers abroad.
• In 1510, Albuquerque captured Goa from the ruler of Bijapur and made it the capital of the Portuguese Empire in the East.
• The Dutch set up factories at Masulipatam (1605), Pulicat (1610), Surat (1616), Bimilipatam (1641), Karaikal (1645), Chinsura (1653), Kasimbazar, Baranagore, Patna, Balasore, Nagapattinam (all in 1658) and Cochin (1663).
• Denmark also established trade settlements in India and their settlements were at Tranquebar in Tamilnadu (1620) and Serampore, their headquarters in Bengal.
• Surat (1668), Masulipatnarn (1669), Pondicherry, a small village then (1673), Chandernagore in Bengal (1690).
• Later they acquired Mahe in the Malabar, Yanam in Coromandal (both in 1725) and Karaikal (1739).

1. Akbar, enraged by his behavior issued a farman dismissing Bairam Khan.
2. This led to Bairam Khan's revolt which was ably dealt with by Akbar.
3. Bairam Khan, finally agreeing to submit himself to Akbar, proceeded to Mecca.

Various units of the land measurement such as kuli, ma, veli, patti, padagam, etc. are known, with local variations.

1. The Turko-Afghan political conquests were followed by large- scale Muslim social migrations from Central Asia. India was seen as a land of opportunity.
2. The society in all stages was based on privileges with the higher classes enjoying a better socio-economic life with little regard of one's religion.

Kavirajamarga, a work on poetics in Kannada, Vikramarjuna-vijayam, also called Pampa-bharata, by Pampa in Kannada

1. Mahipala I constructed and repaired several sacred structures at Saranath, Nalanda and Bodh Gaya.
2. Gopala founded the famous monastery at Odantapura (Bihar).
3. Dharmapala established the Vikramashila and the Somapura Mahaviharas (Bangladesh).

1. At Mathura, the people are numerous and happy; they do not have to register their household.
2. Only those who cultivate the royal land have to pay a portion of the grain from it. Criminals are fined both lightly and heavily depending on the circumstances.

1. The Indo-Greek kingdom was ousted by the Sakas followed by the Parthians and the Kushanas.
2. The Sakas appointed kshatrapsor provincial governors to administer the territories.

Adukotpattu Cheralathan
Father - Kudakko Cheralathan
Mother - Velaavi komaan's daughter (Paduman) Devi
Capital: Thondi
Period of Rule : 25 years - (A.D. 19-44)

1. A centralised state required a new administrative framework to govern an extensive territory, the creation of a bureaucracy, resources of money and men for managing the administrationand the army.
2. A system of revenue administration had to be developed to raise the funds needed for the state through taxation.
3. A political formation led to the development of cities as administrative centres, distinct from villages and rural areas.
4. A large standing army was required for expanding and retaining the empire.

Janapadas:
1. The janas who migrated eastwards began to settle down in various regions.
2. The janapadas fought with one another for resources and political dominance.
3. Some janapadas extended their territories and brought various janas within their jurisdiction
Mahajanapadas:
1. Territory, people, government and sovereignty are important elements of a state.
2. All these elements were found in some of the mahajanapadas.
3. The mahajanapadas represented the emergence of territorial kingdoms that ruled over people (jana).

Women attended assemblies and offered sacrifices. Marriage was common but primitive practices were also continued. Polyandry seems to have existed, and widow remarriage was also known. People married at the age of 16-17, according to scholars, and there is little evidence of child marriage.

Harappan culture is divided into various phases:
1. Early Harappan 3000-2600 BCE
2. Mature Harappan 2600-1900 BCE
3. Late Harappan 1900-1700 BCE.