(i) Genetic engineering is the manipulation and transfer of genes from one organism to another organisms to create a new DNA called as recombinant DNA(rDNA).
(ii) The term recombinant is used because DNA from two different sources can be joined together. Hence, genetic engineering is also called as recombinant DNA technology.

Methods of plant breeding to develop high yielding varieties are given below:
(i) Introduction of new varieties of plants.
(ii) Selection.
(iii) Polyploidy breeding.
(iv) Mutation breeding.
(v) Hybridization.

(i) Animal breeding aims at improving the genotypes of domesticated animals to increase their yield and improve the desirable qualities to produce milk, egg and meat.
(ii) When breeding takes place between animals of the same breed, it is called inbreeding. The cross between different breeds is called out breeding.

Continued inbreeding reduces fertility and productivity. Inbreeding exposes harmful recessive genes that are eliminated by selection.

Methods of selection:
There are three methods of selection. They are
(i) Mass selection
(ii) Pureline selection
(iii) Clonal selection.

(i) IR-8 (Miracle rice) is a high-yielding semi-dwarf rice variety developed by International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Philippines.
(ii) It was a hybrid of a high yielding rice variety Peta from Indonesia, and a dwarf variety from China, named Dee-geo-woogen (DGWG).

i) They are eco-friendly.
ii) They do not cause pollution like artificial fertilizers.
iii) Help to safeguard natural resourses.

Embryonic stem cells, Adult stem cell or somatic stem cell.

Dee-geo-woo-gen (DGWG).