(i) These foods are high in sugar and fats and low in nutritional value. It is important to eat more balanced, whole foods and avoid junk food.
(ii) We can make special food preparations make of healthy cereals and millets.
(iii) Attractive snacks made of healthy fiber food can be prepared.

(i) Atherosclerosis is a disease in which plaque builds up inside your arteries.
(ii) Plaque is made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances found in the blood.
(iii) Over time, plaque hardens and narrows your arteries.
(iv) It leads to ischemia (deficient blood supply to heart muscle) and myocardial infarction (death of the heart muscle tissue).

Yes. Lifestyle can be modified so as the risk factors of cardio vascular diseases can be avoided. Thereby we can avoid heart diseases.
The following measures can be advocated to change life style:
Diet management:
(i) Reduction in the intake of calories, low saturated fat and cholesterol rich food, low carbohydrates and common salt are some of the dietary modifications.
(ii) Diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is essential.
(iii) Increase in the intake of fiber diet, fruits and vegetables, protein, minerals and vitamin are required.
Physical activity:
(i) Regular exercise, walking and yoga are essential for body weight maintenance.
(ii) There should be some physical activity in between long sitting hours.
Addictive substance avoidance:
Alcohol consumption and smoking are to be avoided.

(i) Sheela must be suffering from insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in which beta cells of the pancreas are destroyed. So insulin cannot be produced by the pancreas.
(ii) Therefore insulin administration is important to control her blood glucose level. Radha must be suffering from Non-Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. In this, the target cells do not respond to insulin and can be treated by medicines. Insulin production by the pancreas is not affected.

(i) Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder.
(ii) It is characterized by increased blood glucose level due to insufficient, deficient or failure of insulin secretion.
(iii) This is the most common pancreatic endocrine disorder.

(i) Tobacco is obtained from the tobacco plant Nicotiana tobaccum and Nicotiana rustica.
(ii) The dried and cured leaves of its young branches make the commercial tobacco used worldwide.

The treatment of cancer involves the following methods:
(i) Surgery: Tumours are removed by surgery to prevent further spread of cancer cells.
(ii) Radiation therapy: Tumour cells are irradiated by lethal does of radiation while protecting the surrounding normal cells.
(iii) Chemotherapy: It involves administration of anticancerous drugs which prevent cell division and are used to kill cancer cells.
(iv) Immunotherapy: Biological response modifiers like interferons are used to activate the immune system and help in destroying the tumors.

Ramu must discuss the issue with his parents or teachers. He must take support from elders in not being a part of this group so that he can take care of his physical and mental health and not fall a prey to bad habits. Friendship does not mean being a support to the wrong actions of our friends.

(i) Obesity is the state in which there is an accumulation of excess body fat with an abnormal increase in body weight.
(ii) Obesity occurs if intake of calories is more than the expenditure of energy.
(iii) Overweight and obesity are conditions where the body weight is greater than the mean standard weight for age and height of an individual.
(iv) Body Mass Index (BMI) is an estimate of body fat and health risk. BMI = Weight (kg) / Height (m)²
Causes and risk factors :
(i) Obesity is due to genetic factors, physical inactivity, eating habits (overeating) and endocrine factors.
(ii) Obesity is a positive risk factor in development of hypertension, diabetes, gall bladder disease, coronary heart disease, and arthritis.
Prevention and Control of Obesity :
(i) Diet Management: Low calorie, normal protein, vitamins and mineral, restricted carbohydrate and fat, high fiber diet can prevent overweight.
(ii) Physical exercise: A low calorie diet accompanied by moderate exercise will be effective in causing weight loss. Meditation, yoga and physical activity can also reduce stress related to overeating.

The following steps may help in controlling and prevent the spreading of HIV infection:
(i) Screening of blood from blood banks for HIV before transfusion.
(ii) Ensuring the use of disposable needles and syringes in hospitals and clinics.
(iii) Advocating safe sex and advantages of using condoms.
(iv) Creating awareness campaign and educating people on the consequences of  AIDS.
(v) Persons with HIV/AIDS should not be isolated from the family and society.

When smoke is inhaled the chemicals get absorbed by the tissues and cause the following harmful effects.
(i) Benzopyrene and polycyclic hydrocarbons present in tobacco smoke is carcinogenic causing lung cancer.
(ii) Causes inflammation of throat and bronchi leading to conditions like bronchitis and pulmonary tuberculosis.
(iii) Inflammation of lung alveoli decrease surface area for gas exchange and cause emphysema.
(iv) Carbon monoxide of tobacco smoke binds to hemoglobin of RBC and decreases its oxygen carrying capacity causing hypoxia in body tissues.
(v) Increased blood pressure caused by smoking leads to increased risk of heart disease.
(vi) Causes increased gastric secretion which leads to gastric and duodenal ulcers.
(vii) Tobacco chewing causes oral cancer (mouth cancer).