a) Difference between Light dependent and light independent reactions: 

 b) Reactants and End products:

c) Place of occurrence:
(i) Light Dependent : Thylakoid membrane (grana) of the chloroplast.
(ii) Light Independent : Stroma of the chloroplast.

a) Monocot root and dicot root

b) Aerobic respiration and anaerobic Respiration:

(A) Light and dark reaction of photosynthesis:
(i) The light-dependent reactions require light and water and produce ATP and NADPH₂.
(ii) The light-independent reactions require carbon dioxide and this CO₂ is reduced to carbohydrates.
(B) During photosynthesis, two important processes are taking place:
(i) The light reactions and the dark reactions (Calvin cycle).
(ii) The light reactions use light to synthesize ATP and NADPH₂.
(iii) The Calvin cycle uses these reactants to produce sugar from additional CO₂ molecule.
(iv) This cycle then produces \(\mathrm{NAP}^{+}, \mathrm{ADP}+\mathrm{Pi}\) (Inorganic phosphate) which is used in the light reactions, with H₂O molecules, to produce ATP and NADPH₂ again.

Functions of Mitochondria :
(i) Mitochondria is the main organelle of cell respiration. They produce a large number of ATP molecules. So they are called as power houses of the cell or ATP factory of the cell.
(ii) It helps the cells to maintain normal concentration of calcium ions.
(iii) It regulates the metabolic activity of the cell.

(i) Pigments.
(ii) Leaf age.
(iii) Accumulation of carbohydrates.
(iv) Hormones.

(i) In the strong of a chloroplast some of the thylakoids are arranged in the form of discs stacked one above the other.
(ii) These stacks are termed as grana. They are interconnected to each other by membranous lamellae called Fret channels.

(i) In anaerobic respiration the amount of energy produced is very less.
(ii) Aerobic respiration is seen is humans wherein the number of ATP molecules produced from a glucose molecule is more than an aerobic respiration.

Mitochondria:
(i) Mitochondria are organelles within eukaryotic cells that produce Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) which form the energy currency of the cell. The mitochondria is referred to as the "Power house of the cell".
Structure of mitochondira:
(i) Mitochondrial membranes: It consists two membranes called inner and outer membrane. Each membrane is 60-70 Â thick.
(ii) Outer mitochondrial membrane is smooth and freely permeable to most small molecules. It contains enzymes, proteins and lipids

(iii) It has porin molecules (proteins) which form channels for passage of molecules through it.
(iv) Inner mitochondrial membrane is semi permeable membrane and regulates the passage of materials into and out of the mitochondria. It is rich in enzymes and carrier proteins.
Cristae:
(i) The inner mitochondrial membrane gives rise to finger like projections called cristae.
(ii) These cristae increase the inner surface area (fold in inner membrane) of the mitochondria to hold variety of enzymes
Oxysomes:
(i) The inner mitochondrial membrane bear minute regularly spaced tennis racket shaped particles known as oxysomes (F₁ particle).
(ii) They involve in ATP synthesis.

(i) It consists of xylem and phloem tissues.
(ii) They are present in the form of bundles called vascular bundles.
(iii) Xylem conducts water and minerals to different parts of the plant.
(iv) Phloem conducts food materials to different parts of the plant.
There are three different types of vascular bundles namely:
(i) Radial
(ii) Conjoint
(iii) Concentric
(i) Radial Bundles:
(i) Xylem and phloem are present in different radii alternating with each other. Eg: roots.
(ii) Conjoint bundles: Xylem and phloem lie on the same radius. There are two types of conjoint bundles
a) Collateral:
(i) Xylem lies towards the centre and phloem lies towards the periphery.
(ii) When cambium is present in collateral bundles, it is called open. Eg: dicot stem and collateral bundle without cambium is called closed. Eg: monocot stem.
b) Bicollateral:
In this type of bundle, the phloem is present on both outer and inner side of xylem. Eg: cucurbita.
(iii) Concentric bundles: Vascular bundle in which xylem completely surrounds the phloem or vice versa is called concentric vascular bundle. It is of two types:
Types:
a) Amphivasal:
Xylem surrounds phloem. Eg: Dracaena
b) Amphicribral:
Phloem surrounds xylem. Eg: Ferns Endarch: Protoxylem lies towards the centre and metaxylem lies towards the periphery. Eg: stem. Exarch: Protoxylem lies towards the periphery and metaxylem lies towards the centre. Eg: roots.