Anaerobic respiration takes place without oxygen. Glucose is converted into ethanol (in plants) or lactate (in some bacteria).
C₆H₁₂O₆ ⟶ 2CO₂ + 2 C₂H₅OH + Energy (ATP)

Functions of Mitochondria :
(i) Mitochondria is the main organelle of cell respiration. They produce a large number of ATP molecules. So they are called as power houses of the cell or ATP factory of the cell.
(ii) It helps the cells to maintain normal concentration of calcium ions.
(iii) It regulates the metabolic activity of the cell.

Reaction centres (Chlorophyll 'a') and the accessory pigments (harvesting centre) together are called photosystems. They are involved in Light reaction of photo synthesis.

(i) In the strong of a chloroplast some of the thylakoids are arranged in the form of discs stacked one above the other.
(ii) These stacks are termed as grana. They are interconnected to each other by membranous lamellae called Fret channels.

Glycolysis is the common step in both aerobic and anaerobic pathway.

The carbon that is used in photosynthesis comes from carbon dioxide, or CO₂ that's present in our atmosphere.

(i) Banyan tree is a dicot. In Dicots cambium is present in the vascular bundle and secondary growth is seen throughout the life of the plant. Hence the stem becomes thicker due to additional formation of xylem and phloem every year.
(ii) Coconut is a monocot. Secondary growth is absent in monocots. Hence the stem does not increase in thickness every year.