It is the term used to describe the policy of the USA in maintaining and dominating over distant lands through economic aid.

a) The 'Great Depression' dealt a death blow to Indian agriculture and the indigenous manufacturing sector.
b) The value of farm produce, declined by half. But the land rent to be paid by the peasant remained unchanged. In terms of prices of agricultural commodities, the obligation of the farmers to the state doubled.
c) The great fall in prices prompted Indian nationalists to demand protection for the internal economy.

a) In October 1922 in the context of a long ministerial crisis, Mussolini organised the Fascist March on Rome.
b) Impressed by the show of force, the King invited Mussolini to form a government.

a) In 1929 the Vietnamese soldiers mutinied, and there was a failed attempt to assassinate the French Governor-General.
b) This was followed by a large scale peasant revolt led by the Communists.
c) The revolt was crushed and thousands of rebels were killed. This incident is known as the 'White Terror'.

i) The League appeared to be an organisation of those who were victorious in the First World War.
ii) Since it lacked the military power of its own, it could not enforce its decisions.
iii) The founders of this peace organisation underestimated the power of nationalism.
iv) The principle of  'collective security' could not be applied in actual practice.

i) Mustafa Kemal Pasha did a remarkable role for Turkey's rebirth as a nation.
ii) Kemal Pasha modernised Turkey and changed it out of all recognition.

Trench Warfare:
(i) Trenches or ditches dug by troops enabled soldiers to safely stand and protect themselves from enemy fire.
(ii) The main lines of trenches were connected to each other and to the rear by a series of linking trenches through which food, ammunition, fresh troops, mail, and orders were delivered.

The three militant forms of nationalism in Europe:
i) England's jingoism
ii) France's chauvinism
iii) Germany's Kultur.

Britain, France and Russia are the three countries in the Triple Entente.

(i) In 1894 Japan forced a war on China.
(ii) The crushing defeat of China by little Japan in the Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) surprised the whole world.
(iii) Despite the warning of the three great powers Russia, Germany and France Japan annexed the Liaotung peninsula with Port Arthur.
(iv) By this action Japan proved that it was the strongest nation of the East Asia.

a) There were two main political parties: The Unionist Party which was mainly British and the South Africa Party which had largely Afrikaners (Boers).
b) The first Prime Minister, Botha belonged to the South Africa Party ruled in cooperation with the British.
c) But a militant section of the South Africa Party formed the National Party under Herzog.
d) In 1920 elections, the National Party got 44 seats and the South Africa Party secured 41 seats.
e) At this juncture the British-dominated Unionist Party merged with the South Africa Party.
f) This gave Smuts a majority over the militant Afrikaner controlled National Party.

i) The decolonization process started in India from the beginning of the twentieth century with the launch of the Swadeshi Movement in 1905.
ii) The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 brought about rapid political as well as economic changes.
iii) In 1919, the Government of India Act introduced Dyarchy that provided for elected provincial assemblies as well as for Indian ministers to hold certain portfolios under Transferred Subjects.
iv) The Indian National Congress rejected the arrangements under Dyarchy and decided to boycott the legislature.
Lack of measures to industrialised India:
i) There was no change in the colonial economic policy.
ii) But in the case of indigenous industries, support was only in the form of providing technical advice and education.
iii) Even this policy was soon abandoned as many British enterprises were opposed to this.
Impact of Depression on Indian Agriculture:
i) The value of farm produced, declined by half. But the land rent to be paid by the peasants remained unchanged.
ii) In terms of prices of agricultural commodities, the obligation of the farmers to the state doubled.
iii) The great fall in price prompted Indian nationalists to demand protection for the internal economy.
Government of India Act, 1935:
i) To appease the Indian nationalists The Government of India Act was passed.
ii) Elections were conducted and the Indian National Congress won a resounding in most of the provinces.
iii) The decision of Britain to involve in the Second World War, without consulting the Congress ministries forced the latter to resign from office.

Origin of German Fascism:
a) The origin of German fascism goes back to 1919 when a group of seven men met in Munich and founded the National Socialist German Workers' Party. Nazi party one of them was Adolf Hitler.
b) During World War I, he served in the Bavarian army.
Hitler's attempt to capture power:
a) In 1923 Hitler attempted to capture power in Bavaria.
b) He was arrested and sent to jail. During his time in prison he wrote "Mein Kampf" (My Struggle), an autobiographical book containing his political ideas.
Presidential election:
a) In the Presidential election of 1932, the Communist Party polled about 6,000,000 votes. Alarmed capitalists and property owners tilted towards supporting fascism. Hitler exploited this opportunity to usurp powers.
b) Republican government fell, as the Communists refused to collaborate with the Social Democrats. Industrialists, bankers and Junkers prevailed upon President Von Hindenburg to designate Hitler as Chancellor in 1933.
Hitler's Third Reich:
a) The Nazi state of Hitler, known as Third Reich brought an end to the parliamentary democracy. Germany was converted into a highly centralised state.
b) All political parties except the Nazi party were declared illegal.
c) The army of brown-shirted and jack-booted storm-troopers was expanded.
d) The Hitler Youth was created, and the Labour Front set up.
e) Trade unions were abolished, their leaders were arrested. Strikes were made illegal, wages were fixed by the government.
Hitler became the President:
In August 1934 Hindenburg died and Hitler became both President and Commander in Chief of the armed forces.

a) The League was called in to settle a number of disputes between 1920 and 1925.
b) The League was successful in three issues.
i) In 1920 a dispute arose between Sweden and Finland over the sovereignty of the Aaland Islands situated between Finland's west coast and Sweden's cast coast. The League ruled that the islands should go to Finland.
ii) In the following year the League was asked to settle the frontier between Poland and Germany in Upper Silesia. It was successfully resolved by the League.
iii) The Third dispute was between Greece and Bulgaria in 1925. Greece invaded Bulgaria, and the League ordered a ceasefire. After investigation it blamed Greece and decided that Greece was to pay reparations.
iv) Thus the League had been successful until signing of the Locarno Treaty in 1925.
v) By this treaty, Germany, France, Belgium, Great Britain, and Italy mutually guaranteed peace in Western Europe.
vi) Thereafter Germany joined the League and was given a permanent seat on the Council.
Causes of failure:
i) The league appeared to be an organisation of those who were victorious in the First World War.
ii) Since it lacked the military power of its own, it could not enforce its decisions.
iii) The founders of this peace organization underestimated the potential of nationalism.
iv) The principle of "collective security' could not be applied in actual practice.
v) Italy, Japan and Germany, headed by dictators, refused to be bound by the orders of the League.

i) The Soviet was dominated by Mensheviks and the minority Bolsheviks was timid and undecided. The situation changed with the arrival of Lenin.
ii) When the revolution broke out Lenin was in Switzerland and he wanted continued revolution. His slogan of "All power to the Soviets" soon won over the workers leaders. The people were attracted by the slogan of "Bread, Peace and Land".
Failure of the Provisional Government:
a) The provisional government made two grave mistakes.
b) It postponed a decision on the demand for the redistribution of land.
c) Government decided to continue with the war.
d) Frustrated peasant soldiers deserted their posts and joined those who had restored to land grabbing. This intensified the rising in Petrograd led by Bolsheviks.
e) The government banned Pravda and arrested all Bolsheviks.
f) Trotsky was also arrested
Takeover by the Bolshevik party under Lenin's leadership
a) In October Lenin persuaded the Bolshevik Central Committee to decide on immediate revolution.
b) Trotsky prepared a detailed plan. On 7 November the key government buildings, including the Winter Palace, the Prime Minister's headquarters were seized by armed factory workers and revolutionary troops.
c) On 8 November 1917 a new communist government was in office in Russia. Its head this time was Lenin.
d) The Bolshevik party was renamed the Russian Communist party.
e) Lenin thought that the most important factor for the fall of provisional government was its failure to withdraw from world war.
f) So Lenin immediately withdrew from world war.
g) Lenin concentrated on the formation of new government.

a) Germany was found guilty of starting the War and therefore was to pay reparations for the losses suffered. All Central Powers were directed to pay war indemnity.
b) The German army was to be limited to 1,00,000 men. A small navy was allowed.
c) The union of Austria and Germany was forbidden.
d) All German colonies became mandated territories under the League of Nations.
e) Germany was forced to revoke the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (with Russia) and Bucharest (Bulgaria).
f) Alsace-Lorraine was returned to France.
g) The former Russian territories of Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were to be independent.
h) Northern Schleswig was given to Denmark and some small districts to Belgium.
i) Poland was recreated.
j) The Rhineland was to be occupied by the Allies. The area on the east bank of the Rhine was to be demilitarized.

European Alliances and Counter - Alliances:
(i) In 1900 five of the European Great Powers were divided into two armed camps.
a) One camp consisted of the Central Powers namely Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy. They formed the Triple Alliance in 1882.
b) The other camp consisted of France and Russia. Their alliance was formed in 1894 with the promise of mutual help if Germany attacked either of them.
(ii) The Anglo-Japanese Alliance prompted France to seek an alliance with Britain to resolve colonial disputes over Morocco and Egypt.
(iii) In 1904 Entente Cordiale was signed between France and Britain.
(iv) Finally it led to the formation of Triple Entente of Britain, France and Russia.
Violent Forms of Nationalism:
England's Jingoism, France's Chauvinism and Germany's Kultur were militant forms of nationalism, contributing decisively to the outbreak of war.
Aggressive attitude of Germany:
a) Emperor Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany proclaimed Germany would be the leader of the world.
b) Germany's aggressive diplomacy and rapid building of naval bases convinced Britain a German navy could be directed only against her.
Imperial power politics in the Balkans:
a) The Young Turk Revolution of 1908, provided both Austria and Russia with the opportunity to resume their activities in the Balkans.
b) Austria and Russia met and agreed Austria should annex Bosnia and Herzegovina. This aroused intense opposition from Serbia. Germany gave Austria firm support.
c) The enmity between Austria and Serbia led to the outbreak of war in 1914.
The Balkan wars:
a) The Ottoman Empire extended over the Balkans and across Hungary to Poland.
b) The Turks and their subjects of different nationalities in the Balkans indulged in the most frightful massacres and atrocities.
c) The league attacked and defeated Turkish forces in the first Balkan War (1912-13).
d) According to the Treaty of London signed in May 1913 the new state of Albania was created and the other Balkan states divided up Macedonia between them.
e) The division of Macedonia, however, did not satisfy Bulgaria. Bulgaria attacked Serbia and Greece. But Bulgaria was easily defeated. The second Balkan War ended with the signing of the Treaty of Bucharest in August 1913.
Immediate cause:
a) The climax to these events in the Balkans occurred in Sarajevo in Bosnia. On 28 June 1914 the Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary, was assassinated by Princip, a Bosnian Serb.
b) The German army which was planning a war against both France and Russia wanted to use the occasion to its advantage.
c) The German violation of Belgian neutrality forced Britain to enter war.