(i) Creation of legislative councils at provincial and central level.
(ii) Increasing the number of elected members in the legislative council.
(iii) Separating judicial and executive functions.
(iv) Reducing military expenditure Reduction of Home Charges.
(v) Extension of trial by jury.
(vii) Holding civil services exams in India as well as in England.
(viii) Police reforms.
(ix) Reconsideration of forest laws.
(x) Promotion of Indian industries and an end to unfair tariffs and excise duties.

i) Geographical position and size of territory.
ii) Nation's history, traditions and philosophical basis.
iii) Natural resources.
iv) The compulsion of economic development.
v) Political stability and structure of government.
vi) The necessity of peace, disarmament and non-proliferation of nuclear weapons.
vii) Military strength.
viii) International milieu.

i) The term 'Non - Alignment' was coined by V. Krishna Menon in his speech at the United Nations in 1953.
ii) It has been regarded as the most important feature of India's foreign policy.
iii) It aimed to maintain national independence in foreign affairs by not joining any military alliance.
iv) The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was formed with a membership of 120 countries and 17 states as observers and 10 international organisations.
v) It has transformed from a political movement to an economical movement.
Founders of Non-Aligned Movement
i) Jawaharlal Nehru of India
ii) Tito of Yugoslavia
iii) Nasser of Egypt
iv) Sukarno of Indonesia
v) Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana

Causes
a) Annexation policy of British India
In the 1840s and 1850s more territories were annexed through two major policies.
The Doctrine of Paramountcy
a) British claimed themselves as paramount, exercising supreme authority.
b) New territories were annexed on the grounds that the native rulers were corrupt and inept.
The Doctrine of Lapse:
a) If a native ruler did not have a male heir to the throne, the territory was to 'lapse' into British India upon the death of the ruler.
b) Satara, Sambalpur, parts of the Punjab, Jhansi and Nagpur were annexed by the British through this policy.
b) Insensitivity to Indian cultural sentiments 
a) In 1806 the sepoys at Vellore mutinied against the new dress code, which prohibited Indians from wearing religious marks on their foreheads and having whiskers on their chin. They had to replace their turbans with a round hat.
b) It was feared that the dress code was part of their effort to convert soldiers to Christianity.
c) Similarly in 1824, the sepoys at Barrackpur near Calcutta refused to go to Burma by sea since crossing the sea meant the loss of their caste.
d) The sepoys were also upset with discrimination in salary and promotion.
e) Indian sepoys were paid much less than their European counterparts.
f) They felt humiliated and racially abused by their seniors.
c) Immediate cause:
a)The precursor to the revolt was the circulation of rumors about the cartridges of the new Enfield rifle.
b)There was strong suspicion that the new cartridges had been greased with cow and pig fat.
c)The cartridge had to be bitten off before loading (pork is forbidden to the Muslims and the cow is sacred to a large section of Hindus).

a) There were two main political parties: The Unionist Party which was mainly British and the South Africa Party which had largely Afrikaners (Boers).
b) The first Prime Minister, Botha belonged to the South Africa Party ruled in cooperation with the British.
c) But a militant section of the South Africa Party formed the National Party under Herzog.
d) In 1920 elections, the National Party got 44 seats and the South Africa Party secured 41 seats.
e) At this juncture the British-dominated Unionist Party merged with the South Africa Party.
f) This gave Smuts a majority over the militant Afrikaner controlled National Party.

i) The decolonization process started in India from the beginning of the twentieth century with the launch of the Swadeshi Movement in 1905.
ii) The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 brought about rapid political as well as economic changes.
iii) In 1919, the Government of India Act introduced Dyarchy that provided for elected provincial assemblies as well as for Indian ministers to hold certain portfolios under Transferred Subjects.
iv) The Indian National Congress rejected the arrangements under Dyarchy and decided to boycott the legislature.
Lack of measures to industrialised India:
i) There was no change in the colonial economic policy.
ii) But in the case of indigenous industries, support was only in the form of providing technical advice and education.
iii) Even this policy was soon abandoned as many British enterprises were opposed to this.
Impact of Depression on Indian Agriculture:
i) The value of farm produced, declined by half. But the land rent to be paid by the peasants remained unchanged.
ii) In terms of prices of agricultural commodities, the obligation of the farmers to the state doubled.
iii) The great fall in price prompted Indian nationalists to demand protection for the internal economy.
Government of India Act, 1935:
i) To appease the Indian nationalists The Government of India Act was passed.
ii) Elections were conducted and the Indian National Congress won a resounding in most of the provinces.
iii) The decision of Britain to involve in the Second World War, without consulting the Congress ministries forced the latter to resign from office.

i) Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty.
ii) Mutual non - aggression
iii) Mutual non - interference
iv) Equality and cooperation for mutual benefit
v) Peaceful co - existence

Difference between Domestic policy an Foreign policy:

i) To attain self - government within the British Empire by using constitutional means.
ii) To obtain the status of dominion a political position accorded later to Australia, Canada, South Africa and New Zealand.
iii) To use non-violent constitutional methods to achieve their goals.

(i) The African National Congress founded in 1912 fought the practice of racism.
(ii) Repression was let loose against the leader of the Congress.
(iii) The ANC was banned and its leader Nelson Mandela was put behind bars. Mounting pressure at the global level helped to end the racist regime in South Africa.
(iv) In 1990 the ban on ANC was lifted and Mandela was freed after 27 years.
(v) In the elections held subsequently, the Africans were allowed to vote and ANC won the election and Mandela became the first black president of South Africa.

a) The 'Great Depression' dealt a death blow to Indian agriculture and the indigenous manufacturing sector.
b) The value of farm produce, declined by half. But the land rent to be paid by the peasant remained unchanged. In terms of prices of agricultural commodities, the obligation of the farmers to the state doubled.
c) The great fall in prices prompted Indian nationalists to demand protection for the internal economy.

a) In October 1922 in the context of a long ministerial crisis, Mussolini organised the Fascist March on Rome.
b) Impressed by the show of force, the King invited Mussolini to form a government.