i) The Khilafat committee meeting in Allahabad on 9 June 1920 adopted Gandhi's non-violent, non-cooperation programme.
ii) The 1920s saw a series of communal riots between the Hindus and the Muslims.
iii) Hindu Mahasabha was gaining in popularity under Madan Mohan Malaviya and the Muslim League under the Ali brothers.
iv) Serious efforts by Gandhi and Muhammad Ali Jinnah who at that time believed Swaraj was possible only with Hindu-Muslim unity, failed to stem the communal riots.
v) Jinnah proposed an amendment to the reservation of seats in the central legislature.
vi) He demanded that one-third of the seats be reserved for Muslims.
vii) He proposed a resolution which came to be known as Jinnah's fourteen points. However it was also rejected.
viii) Jinnah demanding separate state for Muslims revived the Muslim League in 1934.
ix) He was one of the staunchest critics of the Congress Ministries. He declared the day when the congress ministries resigned as the "Day of Deliverance".
x) By 1940 he demanded a separate state for the Muslims. He argued that in an independent India the Muslims would lose all political power to the Hindus.
xi) The Hindu Mahasabha and the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) took a pronounced anti-Muslim stance.
xii) The British policy of divide and rule through measures such as Partition of Bengal, Communal Award, had encouraged the vested interests out to exploit the religious differences.
xiii) When the interim government was formed, only after some hesitation the Muslims joined it.
xiv) Hartals and demonstrations took place which soon turned into Hindu-Muslim conflict.
xv) So partition of India became inevitable.
xvi) On the basis of the Mount batten Plan India was partitioned into two countries and given independence.

Lahore Congress:
i) The Congress Session was held in Lahore in December 1929 with Jawaharlal Nehru as the president. Poorna Swaraj was declared as the goal.
ii) It was also decided to boycott the Round Table conference and launch a Civil Disobedience Movement.
Civil Disobedience Movement:
A charter of demands was presented to the Viceroy Lord Irwin with an ultimatum to comply by 31 January 1930. When the Viceroy did not respond Gandhi launched the Civil Disobedience movement.
Salt Satyagraha Movement:
i) The inclusion of abolition of Salt tax was a brilliant tactical decision.
ii) It transformed Civil Disobedience Movement into a mass movement drawing all sections of the population including women in the streets.
iii) On 12 March 1930 Gandhi set out from Sabarmati Ashram with 78 of its inmates and reached Dandi on 5 April, 1930.
iv) The next morning he took a lump of salt breaking the salt law.
v) In Tamil Nadu C. Rajaji, led a similar salt march from Tiruchirappalli to Vedaranyam.
vi) In the North West frontier province Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan led the movement..
vii) Gandhi was arrested at midnight and sent to Yerawada jail.
viii) Jawaharlal Nehru, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan and other leaders were swiftly arrested.
ix) It was the biggest mass movement India had ever witnessed. But no violence was reported anywhere.

i) The Council of Ministers formulates and decides the polices of the State and implements them effectively.
ii) It decides the legislative programmes of the Legislative Assembly and sponsors all important Bills.
iii) It controls the financial policy and decides the tax structure for the public welfare of the State.
iv) It makes the important appointments of the Heads of Departments.
v) It discusses and takes efforts on the dispute with other States.
vi) It frames the proposal for incurring expenditure out of State reserves.
vii) It decides all the Bills whether ordinary Bills or Money Bills to be introduced in the Legislative Assembly
viii) Each Minister of the Council of Ministers supervises, controls and coordinates the department concerned.
xi) Annual Financial statement called as the Budget is finalised by the Council of Ministers.

The Chief Minister is the real executive head of the state administration. He has the following powers and functions.
Relating to the Council of Ministers:
i) The Chief Minister recommends the persons who can be appointed as ministers by Governor.
ii) He allocates the portfolios among the ministers.
iii) He shuffles and reshuffles his ministry.
iv) He presides over the meetings of the Council of Ministers and influences its decisions
v) He guides, directs, controls and coordinates the activities of all the Ministers.
Relating to the Governor:
He advises the Governor in relation to the appointment of the following officials:
i) Advocate General of the State,
ii) State Election Commissioner.
iii) Chairman and Members of the State Public Service Commission
iv) Chairman and Members of the State Planning Commission.
v) Chairman and Members of the State Finance Commission
Relating to State Legislature:
i) The Chief Minister advises the Governor with regard to the summoning and proroguing the sessions of the State Legislature.
ii) He announces the government policies on the floor of the House,
iii) He can introduce the bills in the Legislative Assembly.
iv) He can recommend for the dissolution of the Legislative Assembly to the Governor any time.

i) World War II began in 1939 and ended in 1945.
ii) In World War II, had an extensive area of conflict and very high death toll of civilians as well as armed combatants.
New geo-political power Alignment:
i) The world was polarized into two main blocs led by superpowers:
a) United States (Anti communist ideology)
b) Soviet Russia (Communist ideology)
ii) Europe was divided into,
a) Communist
b) Non-Communist
Nuclear Proliferation:
i) The United States and the Soviet Union entered into a race to have more nuclear powered weapons. They built a large stockpile of such weapons.
ii) Defence spending sky-rocketed in many countries.
International Agencies:
i) Many international agencies, in particular the United Nations, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund came into existence providing a forum for countries large and small.
Social and Economic changes:
i) Social and Economic changes took place in the post-war world.
ii) Colonial powers were forced to give independence to former colonies in a process of decolonization. India was the first to achieve Independence.

i) The Simon Commission was an all white commission with no Indian member.
ii) Indians were angered and humiliated that they had been denied the right to decide their own constitution.
iii) All sections of India including the Congress and the Muslim League decided to boycott the commission.

i) The caliph of Turkey, who was considered the head of Muslims of the world, was given a harsh treatment.
ii) A movement was started in his support and it was called the Khilafat movement led by the Ali brothers Maulana Muhammad Ali and Maulana Shaukat Ali.
iii) Gandhi supported the movement and saw in it an opportunity to unite Hindus and Muslims.

(i) President Roosevelt realized that the United States had to change its policy of isolation, but could not intervene directly in the War in Europe, because it was not politically feasible.
(ii) So he started a program of "Lend Lease" in March 1941. Arms, food, military equipment, and other supplies were sent to Britain, disguised as a "loan", which would be returned after use.

a) As Courts of appeal, all High Courts entertain appeals in civil and criminal cases from their subordinate Courts as well as on their own.
b) They have, however no jurisdiction over tribunals established under the laws relating to the Armed Forces of the Country.

a) The Governor is the Constitutional head of the State Executive.
b) The executive powers of the state are vested in the Governor.
c) Every Bill passed by the State Legislature will become law only after his signature.
d) He can dismiss the Council of Ministers when it is unable to prove the confidence of the Legislative Assembly.
e) He may recommend to the president to impose the President's rule in the state.

i) The primary objective of IMF is to ensure financial stability and development across the world.
ii) The objectives of the IMF are "to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth and reduce poverty around the world".

i) Mussolini of Italy,
ii) Adolf Hitler of Germany
iii) Franco of Spain