(i) The "Supreme Court is the Guardian of the Constitution': Our constitution provides for the establishment of an independent and integrated judiciary with 'supreme court' as the uppermost court in the country.
(ii) The Supreme Court of India, New Delhi was inaugurated on January 28, 1950. It succeeded the Federal Court of India, established under the Government of India Act of 1935.

The Constitution of India restricts the number the Council of Ministers including the Prime Minister to fifteen per cent of the total members of the Lok Sabha.

(i) He regulates the proceeding of the House
(ii) He decides the order of the House
(iii) He decides the admissibility of a resolution or questions
(iv) He suspends or adjourns the House in case of a grave disorder
(v) He issues directions to various committees on matters relating to their functions

The Vice- President is elected by the members of an electoral college consisting of the member of both Houses of Parliament

(i) He should be a citizen of India.
(ii) He must have completed the age of thirty five years.
(iii) He must not hold any office of profit under the Union, State or local Government.
(iv) He should have the other qualifications required to become a member of the Rajya Sabha

The Vice President office has been created to maintain the political continuity of the state.

(i) He is responsible for making a wide variety of appointments.
(ii) These include the appointment of Governors of States, the Chief Justice and other Judges of the Supreme Court and high Courts, the Attorney General, the Comptroller and Auditor General, the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners the Chairman and other Members of the Union Public Service Commission Ambassadors and High Commissioners to other countries

a) He must be a citizen of India.
b) He should have worked as a judge of a High Court for atleast 5 years.
c) He should have worked as an advocate of High Court for atleast 10 years.
d) He is in the opinion of the President, a distinguished jurist.

(i) The Lok Sabha is presided over by the 'speaker'. He is elected by its members.
(ii) The office of the Speaker occupies an essential position in our Parliamentary democracy.
(iii) The Speaker continues to be in the office even in the houses dissolved, till a new Speaker is elected by the new Lok Sabha.
(iv) The Speaker presides over a joint sitting of the two Houses of Parliament.
(v) He has the power to decide whether a Bill is Money Bill or an ordinary one.

Categories of the Ministers The ministers are classified under three ranks 
(I) Cabinet Minister
(II) Ministers of State
(III) Deputy Ministers.
Cabinet Ministers
(i) The Cabinet is an informal body of senior ministers who form the nucleus of administration.
(ii) Important decisions of the government are taken by the Cabinet, such as defence, finance, external affairs and home.
(iii) The Cabinet recommends to the President to promulgate an ordinance.
(iv) It is instrumental in moving Amendments to the Constitution.
Ministers of State
(i) These ministers belong to the second category of ministers in the council.
(ii) They are also in charge of ministries or departments but they do not participate in the meetings of the cabinet unless invited to do so.
Deputy Ministers
They are the lowest ranked ministers in the cabinet. They assist either the Ministers of Cabinet or state in the performance of the duties entrusted to them

Original Jurisdiction:
The cases which are brought directly in-the first instance to the Supreme Court come original under jurisdiction.
These may be
(i) dispute between the Government of India and one or more states
(ii) Dispute between two or more states
(iii) The writs are issued by the Supreme Court for the enforcement of the fundamental rights.
Appellate jurisdiction:
i) The Supreme Court is the final appellate court in the country.
ii) The Supreme Court hears appeals against the decision of High Courts.
iii) Such a case can be brought before the Supreme Court only if the High Court certifies that the case invites a substantial of law as to the interpretation of the Constitution.
Advisory Jurisdiction:
The Constitution confers on the President the power to refer to the Supreme Court any question of law or fact which in his opinion is of public importance.
Miscellaneous jurisdiction:
i) The law declared by Supreme Court is binding on all courts within the territory of India.
ii) The Supreme Court is authorized to make rules for regulating, generally the practice and procedure of the court with the approval of the President.
Judicial Review:
a) The power of the Judiciary to declare a law as unconstitutional is known as Judicial Review'.
b) The Supreme Court of India has Individual Review Power with regard to:
i)  Dispute between the Centre and State.
ii) Protecting the Fundamental Rights.

i) The Parliament of India has the functions of Legislation, overseeing of administration, passing of budget, ventilation of public grievances, discussion of various subjects like development plans, international relations and internal policies.
ii) Parliament is also vested with powers to impeach the President and to remove Judges of Auditor the Supreme Court and High Courts, Chief Election Commissioner and Comptroller and General of India in accordance with the procedure laid down in the Constitution.
iii) The Parliament exercises control over supplementary the executive through asking questions and questions, moving motions of adjournment, discussing and passing resolutions discussing and passing censure motion or vote of no-confidence.
iv) The Parliament has the power to change the boundaries of the states.

Executive Powers:
i) Article 77 requires that every executive action of the Union shall be taken in the name of the President.
ii) He appoints the Prime Minister and the other members of the Council of Ministers, distributing portfolios to them on the advice of the Prime Minister.
iii) He is responsible for making a wide variety of appointments.
iv) These include the appointment of Governors of States, the Chief Justice and other Judges of the Supreme Court and high Courts, the Attorney General, the Comptroller and Auditor General, the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners the Chairman and other Members of the Union Public Service Commission, Ambassadors and High Commissioners to other countries.
Judicial Powers:
Article 72 confers on the President power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remissions of punishment, or to commute the sentence of any person convicted of an offence.