Education:
i) Industries require skilled human resources.
ii) The state gives much importance to primary education to promote literacy and basic arithmetic skills, the state supplies vast technical human resources
iii) There are a number of engineering colleges, polytechnics and Industrial Training Centres
Infrastructure:
i) The widespread electrification has contributed to the spread of industries in smaller towns and villages
ii) Tamil Nadu is known for its excellent transport infrastructure It has a network of minor roads which connect rural parts of the state to nearby towns and cities
iii) Rural to urban connectivity is facilitated by public and private transport system,
Industrial promotion:
i) Active policy efforts have been made to promote specific sectors and also industrialisation in specific regions.
ii) Policies have been formulated to promote specific sectors like automobile, auto-components, bio-technology and information and communication.
iii) Several industrial promotion agencies have been put in place to provide supporting infrastructure to both large and small enterprises.

i) It is essential to produce inputs to other producers in an economy. Even agriculture requires inputs from industry such as fertilizers and tractors to increase productivity.
ii) A market exists for both producers and consumer goods. Even services like banking, transport, and trade are dependent on the production of industrial goods.
iii) By using modern methods of production, industries contribute to better productivity and hence lower the cost of production of all goods produced. It, therefore, helps people to buy goods at a cheaper rate and help create demand for more products.
iv) Through such expansion of production, Industrialisation helps to absorb the labor force coming out of agriculture. Employment generation is therefore an important objective of industrialization.
v) The advantage of industrialization is technological change. Through the use of modern techniques, industrialization contributes to learning of such methods and their improvement. As a result, labour productivity increases, and it helps workers earn higher wages.
vi) Expanding incomes lead to more demand for goods and services.

i) State Goods and services Tax (SGST): Intra state (within the state) : VAT /Sales tax, purchase tax, entertainment tax, luxury tax, lottery tax and state surcharge and cesses.
ii) Central Goods and services Tax (CGST): Intra state (with the state) : Central Excise Duty Service tax, countervailing duty, additional duty of customs, Surcharge. education and secondary / higher secondary cess.
iii) Integrated Goods and services Tax (GST): Interstate (integrated GST)
a) There are four major GST rates : 5 % 12 %, 18 % and 28 %.
b) Almost all the necessities of life like vegetables and food grains are exempted from this tax.

a) Over population:
i) The population growth rate in India is high as 1.7 per 1000. Large population leads to increasing demand, but supply was not equal to the demand.
ii) So the normal price level will be going higher. So it affects purchasing power, especially in rural population
b) Increasing prices of essential goods:
Even though there has been a constant growth in GDP and growth opportunities in the
Indian economy, there have been steady increase in the prices of essential goods.
The continuous rise in the prices erodes the purchasing power and adversely affect the poor people
c) Demand for goods:
When demand for goods increases, the price of goods increases. Then the purchasing power is affected.
d) Price of goods affect the values of currency:
When the price increases the purchasing power decreases and finally the value of currency decreases
e) Production and supply of goods.
When the production and supply of goods decline the price of goods increases. Then the purchasing power is affected
f) Poverty and Inequality:
i) There exists a huge economic disparity in the Indian economy. The proportion of income and assets owned by top 10% of Indian goes on increasing. This has led to an increase in the poverty level in the society.
ii) Generally purchasing power is affected by poverty and unequal distribution of wealth also.

Reason:
i) To be an alternative to World Bank and IMF to challenge U.S. supremacy.
ii) To provide self-owned and self managed organisations to carryout developmental and economical plan in its member nations.
Objectives:
i) To achieve regional development.
ii) It acts as a bridge between developed and developing countries.
iii) To contribute extensively to the development of humanity.
iv) To establish a more equitable and fair world.
v) Boost intra BRICS trade in their local currencies to increase trade cooperation and cope with the current international financial crisis.
vi) To promote the technological information exchange among the member states.
vii) To enhance inclusive economic growth that will lead to the creation of jobs, fight against poverty and accelerate the economic transformation of members.

Roadways:
i) The State has a total road length of 167,000 km, in which 60,628 km are maintained by state Highways Department.
ii) It ranks second in India with a share of over 20% in total road projects under operation in the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model.
Railways:
i) The present Southern Railway network extends over a large area of India's southern peninsula.
ii) The headquarters of Southern Railway is at Chennai.
iii) Chennai has a well-established suburban railway network, a Mass Rapid Transport System (MRTS).
iv) It is currently developing a Metro system, with its first underground stretch in operation since May 2017.
Airways:
i) Tamil Nadu has four major international airports.
ii) Chennai International Airport is currently the third largest airport in India after Mumbai and Delhi.
iii) Other international airports in Tamil Nadu include Coimbatore, Madurai and Tiruchirapalli airports.
iv) It also has domestic airports at Tuticorin and Salem connecting several parts of the country.
Waterways:
i) Tamil Nadu has three major ports. They are in Chennai, Ennore and Tuticorin.
ii) It has an intermediate port at Nagapattinam and 15 minor ports. Chennai port is the second principal port in the country for handling containers.

(i) Too much flow of capital amongst countries, Introduces unfair and immoral distributors of Income
(ii) Another fear is losing national integrity Because of too much exchange of trade, independent domestic policies are lost.
(iii) Rapid growth of the economy has required a major infrastructure and resource extraction. This increase negative ecological and Social costs.
(iv) Rapid increases in exploitation of natural resources to earn foreign exchange.
(v) Environmental standards and regulations have been relaxed.

a) Several important goods are services left out of the GDP:
i) The GDP includes only the goods and services sold in the market.
ii) The services provided by the parents to their children is very important but it is not included in the GDP because it is not sold in the market.
iii) Likewise clean air, which is vital for a healthy life, has no market value and is left out of the GDP.
b) GDP measures only quantity but not quality :
i) In the 1970s schools and banks did not permit the use of ballpoint pens.
ii) This is because, the ones available in India were of very poor quality.
iii) Since then, not only has there been a substantial increase in the quantity of ballpoint pens produced in India but their quality has also improved a lot.
iv) The improvement in quality of goods is very important but it is not captured by the GDP.
c) GDP does not tell us about the way income is described in the country:
The GDP of a country may be growing rapidly but income may be distributed so unequally that only a small percentage of people may be benefitting from it.
d) The GDP does not tell us about the kind of life people are living:
A high level of per capita real GDP can go hand - in - hand with very low health condition of people, an undemocratic political system, high pollution and high suicide rate.

The Citizenship Act of 1955 prescribes five ways of acquiring citizenship, viz, birth, descent, registration, naturalisation and incorporation of territory:
According to the Citizenship Act, 1955, the citizenship could be acquired through any of the following methods.
(i) By Birth : All persons born in India on or after January 26, 1950 are treated as citizens by birth.
(ii) By Descent: A person born outside India on or after January 26, 1950 shall be a citizen of India by descent, if his father is a citizen of India at the time of his birth.
(iii) By Registration : A person can acquire citizenship of India by registration with appropriate authority.
(iv) By Naturalisation : A foreigners can' acquire Indian citizenship, on application for naturalization to the Government of India.
(v) By Incorporation of Territory : In the event of a certain territory being added to the territory of India, the Government of India shall specify the persons of that territory who shall be citizen of India.

(i) The plateau region lies to the south of the Great Northern Plains. This is the largest physiographic division of our country.
(ii) It covers an area of about 16 lakh sq.km (about half of the total area of the country). It is an old rocky plateau region.
(iii) Aravalli hills mark the north-western boundary of the plateau region.
(iv) Its northern and north-eastern boundaries are marked by the Bundelkhand upland, Kaimur and Rajmahal hills.
(v) The Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats mark the western and eastern boundaries respectively.
(vi) The peak of Anaimudi is the highest point in the plateau. Its height is 2,695 m and is located in Anaimalai.
(vii) River Narmada divides the plateau region of India broadly into 2 parts.
(viii) The region lying to the north of the Narmada is called the Central Highlands and the region lying to the south of Narmada is called the Deccan Plateau.
(ix) All the major rivers (Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri, etc.) lying to the south of the Vindhyas flow eastwards and fall into the Bay of Bengal.
(x) Narmada and Tapti are the two rivers situated to the south of the Vindhyas flow westward.
(xi) Their movement towards west is due to the presence of a rift valley in the region.

(i) Born to poor parents in Kerala, Narayana Guru (1854-1928) evolved into a poet and scholar in Malayalam, Tamil, and Sanskrit.
(ii) In his days the people of depressed classes had no access to temples, streets, public tanks and wells, and educational institutions.
(iii) Men and women belonging to lower castes were not allowed to wear the upper garments.
(iv) Disturbed by the terrible caste tyranny, that the lower caste people suffered, he dedicated his whole life for the betterment of the oppressed.
(v) He set up the Sri Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam, an organization to work for the uplift of the "depressed classes'. 
(vi) He established a grand temple at Aruvipuram and dedicated it to all.
(vii) His movement inspired a radical transformation of Kerala society, especially among the Ezhavas.
(viii) Thinkers and writers such as Kumaran Asan and Dr. Palpu were influenced by his ideas and carried forward the movement.

(i) The defeated powers were absent from negotiations. The peace settlement, a dictated one, was based on the principle, to the victor belongs the spoils and the allies are the victors.
(ii) Self-determination was the principle, which was one of the fourteen points of Woodrow Wilson for restoring peace, applied to all the peoples except the German.
(iii) Austria was not allowed to unite with Germany, because the combination would be too powerful. Germany was thus left with a sense of injustice.
(iv) The reparation of 6,600 million pounds was well beyond Germany's capacity to pay.
(v) Germany was weakened, politically and economically. But instead of having the large Russian and Austro- Hungarian empires on her eastern frontier, she was now bordered by small weak and new states.

S. No.	Biosphere Reserves	State
1	Achanakmar- Amarkantak	Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh
2	Agasthyamalai	Kerala
3	Dibru Saikhowa	Assam
4	Dihang Dibang	Arunalchal Pradesh
5	Great Nicobar	Andaman and Nicobar Islands
6	Gulf of Manner	Tamil nadu
7	Kachchh	Gujarat
8	Kanchenjunga	Sikkim
9	Manas	Assam
10	Nanda Devi	Uttarakhand
11	The Nilgiris	TamilNadu
12	Nokrek	Meghalaya
13	Pachmarhi	Madhya Pradesh
14	Simlipal	Odisha
15	Sundarbans	West Bengal
16	Cold desert	Himachal Pradesh
17	Sesahachalam hills	Andra Pradesh
18	Panna	Madhya Pradesh

i) The river Ganga originates as Bhagirathi from the Gangotri Glacier in Uttar Khasi district of Uttarakhand state. 
ii) The length of the river Ganga is about 2,525 km. 
iii) Its major tributaries from the north are Gomti, Gandak, Kosi and Ghaghara. 
iv) Its tributaries from south are Yamuna, Son and Chambal. The largest of its tributaries is the Yamuna. 
v) The Ganga river system is the largest drainage system in India. It extends over an area of 8,61,404 sq km in India. 
vi)The Ganga plain is the most densely populated place in India.  
vii) The river Ganga is known as the River Padma in Bangladesh.  
viii) The combined river of Ganga and Brahmaputra creates the World's largest delta known as Sundarbans in Bangladesh before joining the Bay of Bengal.

English education:
i) English education introduced with the objective of producing clerks also produced a new English educated middle class.
ii) This class came under the influence of western ideas and thoughts.
Role of Christianity:
i) Christianity also had its effect on the newly emerging middle class.
ii) The educated middle class began to take a lead in political as well as in reform movements.
Western ideas:
i) The Indian reformers were quite hesitant to subject their old notions and habits to critical scrutiny. Instead they attempted to harmonize both Indian and western cultures.
ii)Their ideas and their actions helped to mitigate social evils such as sati, female infanticide and child marriage and various superstitious beliefs.
Role of scholars and writers:
i) The scholars and writers were an inspiration for the people towards the reform movements.
ii) As the society was having a number of evil practices like sati, child marriage and polygamy there was an urgent need for reform in the society.
iii) These were the circumstances that led to the reform movement in the 19^th century.

One of the momentous decisions taken in the post-War II era was to integrate the states of Western Europe. In doing so the Europeans wanted,
(i) To prevent further European Wars by ending the rivalry between France and Germany.
(ii) To create a united Europe to resist any threat from Soviet Russia.
(iii) To form a third force in the world to counter-balance the strength of the US and USSR.
(iv) To make full use of the economic and military resources of Europe by organizing them on a continental scale.
Council of Europe:
a) In May 1949 ten countries met in London and signed to form a Council of Europe.
b) The Council of Europe was established with its headquarters at Strasbourg.
European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC):
The European Defence Community (EDC) and the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) were established. The countries belonging to ECSC are France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Holland and Luxemburg.
European Economic Community (EEC):
The EEC eliminated barriers to the movement of goods, services, capital and labour.
The Single European Act:
a) The Single European Act came into force on July 1, 1987. It significantly expanded the EEC's scope giving the meetings of the EPC a legal basis. It also called for more intensive coordination of foreign policy among member countries.
b) According to the SEA, each member was given multiple votes, depending on the country's population. Approval of legislation required roughly two-thirds of the votes of all members.
European Union:
a) The Maastricht Treaty was signed on February 7, 1992. It created the European Union.
b) Today the European Union has 28 member states, and functions from its headquarters at Brussels, Belgium.

i) The Soviet was dominated by Mensheviks and the minority Bolsheviks was timid and undecided. The situation changed with the arrival of Lenin.
ii) When the revolution broke out Lenin was in Switzerland and he wanted continued revolution. His slogan of "All power to the Soviets" soon won over the workers leaders. The people were attracted by the slogan of "Bread, Peace and Land".
Failure of the Provisional Government:
a) The provisional government made two grave mistakes.
b) It postponed a decision on the demand for the redistribution of land.
c) Government decided to continue with the war.
d) Frustrated peasant soldiers deserted their posts and joined those who had restored to land grabbing. This intensified the rising in Petrograd led by Bolsheviks.
e) The government banned Pravda and arrested all Bolsheviks.
f) Trotsky was also arrested
Takeover by the Bolshevik party under Lenin's leadership
a) In October Lenin persuaded the Bolshevik Central Committee to decide on immediate revolution.
b) Trotsky prepared a detailed plan. On 7 November the key government buildings, including the Winter Palace, the Prime Minister's headquarters were seized by armed factory workers and revolutionary troops.
c) On 8 November 1917 a new communist government was in office in Russia. Its head this time was Lenin.
d) The Bolshevik party was renamed the Russian Communist party.
e) Lenin thought that the most important factor for the fall of provisional government was its failure to withdraw from world war.
f) So Lenin immediately withdrew from world war.
g) Lenin concentrated on the formation of new government.

a) Germany was found guilty of starting the War and therefore was to pay reparations for the losses suffered. All Central Powers were directed to pay war indemnity.
b) The German army was to be limited to 1,00,000 men. A small navy was allowed.
c) The union of Austria and Germany was forbidden.
d) All German colonies became mandated territories under the League of Nations.
e) Germany was forced to revoke the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (with Russia) and Bucharest (Bulgaria).
f) Alsace-Lorraine was returned to France.
g) The former Russian territories of Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were to be independent.
h) Northern Schleswig was given to Denmark and some small districts to Belgium.
i) Poland was recreated.
j) The Rhineland was to be occupied by the Allies. The area on the east bank of the Rhine was to be demilitarized.

S.No	Automobile industry	Electronic industry
(1)	It is one of the most dynamic industrial groups in India	Electronic industry was started in India with radio manufacturing in 1850.
(2)	India is a major producer of two-wheelers commercial vehicles, motorcycles, jeeps, mopeds, three-wheelers, passenger cars, etc	The setting up of the Indian telephone industry in 1950 at Bangalore gave a boost to the industry
(3)	The growth of the automobile industry in India is only after independence. The first automobile industry was started at Kurla in Mumbai in 1947 and in Uttarpara (Kolkata) in 1948.	The industry now meets the needs of posts and telegraph, defense, railways electricity boards etc.
(4)	Chennai is known as Detroit of Asia	Bengaluru is known as the Electronic Capital of India.