i) The goods and service tax (GST) is one of the indirect taxes.
ii) The GST was passed in Parliament on 29 March 2017.
iii) The act came into effect on 1 July 2017.
iv) The motto is one nation, one market, one tax.

According to FAO "food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food which meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life".

Both the super powers America and Russia were trying to extend their influence over the newly emerged nations of Asia and Africa. Nehru opposed to the rivalry of the two super powers. So India chose the path of Non-Alignment.

(i) Human population dynamics is a field that tracks factors related to changes in the size of population and its characteristics
(ii) Predicting population changes is an important aspect of population studies
(iii) The demographic trend affects the economic, social, and environmental systems..
(iv) The size of Population and characteristics undergoes changes constantly

The main centres of IT parks are located in Chennai, Coimbatore, Thiruvananthapuram, Bengaluru, Mysuru, Hyderabad, Visakhapatnam, Mumbai, Pune, Indore, Gandhi Nagar, Jaipur, Noida, Mohali and Srinagar

Saline and Alkaline Soils
(i) These are formed due to ill drainage which causes water logging. Area covered by these soils is 68,000 sq.km and constitute 2.8 % of soil in India.
(ii) These soils contain many salts like sodium, magnesium, and calcium, which make them infertile and unfit for agriculture.
(iii) These types of soil are found in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and in the drier parts of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, and Maharashtra.

(i) Expansion of Market Territory
(ii) Marketing Superiorities
(Iii) Financial Superiorities
(iv) Technological Superiorities
(v) Product innovations

(i) Industry sector is secondary sectors.
(ii) For example : Manufacturing, Electricity, Gas, Water supply, Automobile, Iron and Steel other utility services and construction etc..

Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Quo Warranto, Certiorari

"Universal Adult Franchise" is followed while electing the members of the Lok Sabha. All Indian Citizens above 18 years of age who are registered as voters will vote for their representatives.

The Constitution can be amended in three ways:
(i) Amendment by simple majority of the Parliament
(ii) Amendment by special majority of the Parliament
(iii) Amendment by special majority of the Parliament and the ratification of half of the state legislatures.

(i) It is the source for many perennial rivers like Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra, etc.
(ii) The Northern Mountains are described as the paradise of tourists due to its natural beauty.

(i) Vaikunda Swamigal condemned the worship of idols.
(ii) The low caste people had no temples for their gods, they erected small pyramids of mud or bricks in their honor, plastered and white-washed.
(iii) He considered this kind of worship as an uncivilized custom. The people sacrificed goats, cocks, and hens.
(iv) He condemned these religious customs and campaigned against animal sacrifice.

In November 1991, eleven republics (Ukraine, Georgia, Belarus, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan) announced secession from the Soviet Union.

The two main organs of the World Bank are the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Agency (IDA).

(i) The African National Congress founded in 1912 fought the practice of racism.
(ii) Repression was let loose against the leader of the Congress.
(iii) The ANC was banned and its leader Nelson Mandela was put behind bars. Mounting pressure at the global level helped to end the racist regime in South Africa.
(iv) In 1990 the ban on ANC was lifted and Mandela was freed after 27 years.
(v) In the elections held subsequently, the Africans were allowed to vote and ANC won the election and Mandela became the first black president of South Africa.

A trust is an industrial organization engaged in the production or distribution of any commodity. The trust would possess adequate control over the supply and price of that commodity to its own advantage.

i) Globalization is the integration of a country with the world economy.
ii) Globalization signifies a process of internationalization plus liberalization.

(i) The Lok Sabha is presided over by the 'speaker'. He is elected by its members.
(ii) The office of the Speaker occupies an essential position in our Parliamentary democracy.
(iii) The Speaker continues to be in the office even in the houses dissolved, till a new Speaker is elected by the new Lok Sabha.
(iv) The Speaker presides over a joint sitting of the two Houses of Parliament.
(v) He has the power to decide whether a Bill is Money Bill or an ordinary one.

a) The major jute producing areas are in West Bengal and is concentrated along the Hooghly river.
b) Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, Chhattisgarh and Odisha are the other Jute goods producing areas.

S. No	Biosphere Reserves	State
(1)	Agasthiyamalai	Kerala
(2)	Nanda devi	Uttarakhand
(3)	Gulf of Mannar	Tamil Nadu
(4)	Kanchenjunga	Sikkim
(5)	Great Nicobar	Andaman

a) Ayyankali challenged many caste conventions such as clothing style. He wore clothes associated with upper castes that were prohibited for lower castes.
b) He rode on an ox - cart challenging the ban on untouchables from accessing public roads used by caste Hindus.
c) Ayyankali founded the Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangam and raised funds to educate the lower caste Pulaya people.
d) Ayyankali fought for basic rights including access to public places and entry to schools.

a) As Chiang Kai-sheik had built a circle of fortified ports around the communist positions, Mao wanted to move out of Hunan for safer territory.
b) By 1933 Mao had gained full control of the Chinese Communist party.
c) In 1934, the Communist army of about 100,000 set out on the Long March.
d) This march has become legendary.
e) Out of 1,00,000, only 20,000 finally reached Sheni after crossing 6,000 miles.

i) The primary objective of IMF is to ensure financial stability and development across the world.
ii) The objectives of the IMF are "to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth and reduce poverty around the world".

a) Construction of dams
b) Raising of dams/ cleaning of tanks
1. Considering the ineffectiveness of tribunals, there is a need to look for community based approaches to resolve such disputes effectively, amicably and sustainably.
2. Conflicts over water are preventable provided the communities involved become responsible water managers.
3. As the issue is protracted over centuries, the solution available is that new dams can be constructed to store the rainwater that wastefully mingles in oceans.
4. The state government must propel the action to allocate and identify the places where the dams can be constructed to store the water during heavy rainfall.
5. These wise actions will reduce the water dispute to a greater extent, when there are ways to save the running rain water, we need not fight with neighbouring states to spare water for irrigation.
6. The expert committees must have a thorough survey of the land forms to build dams.
7. This is absolutely an implementable solution.