a) Entrepreneur is an innovator of new ideas and business processes.
b) He possesses management skills, strong team building abilities and essential leadership qualities to manage a business.

i) Tax evasion is the illegal evasion of taxes by individuals, corporations and trusts.
ii) Tax evasion activities included
a) Under reporting income
b) Inflating deductions or expenses
c) Hiding money
d) Hiding interest in offshore accounts.

i) Indo - Afghan relation was strengthened by the Strategic Partnership Agreement.
ii) SPA provides assistance to rebuild Afghan's infrastructure, institutions, agriculture, water, education, health and providing duty free access to the Indian market.

(i) Nehru was the architect of India's foreign policy.
(ii) He declared the principles of peaceful coexistence i.e Panchsheel.
(iii) Nehru was one of the founding fathers of NAM.

A large number of textile mills are concentrated in Coimbatore. Hence Coimbatore is called the 'Manchester of Tamilnadu'.

Districts located on the Western ghats:
i) Nilgiri
ii) Dindigul
iii) Tirunelveli
iv) Kanyakumari
v) Virudhunagar
Districts located on the Eastern ghats:
i) Vellore
ii) Salem
iii) Perambalur
iv) Tiruvanamalai
v) Namakkal
vi) Erode

i) The Simon Commission was an all white commission with no Indian member.
ii) Indians were angered and humiliated that they had been denied the right to decide their own constitution.
iii) All sections of India including the Congress and the Muslim League decided to boycott the commission.

i) The eastern Palayams were Sattur, Nagalapuram, Ettayapuram and Panchalamkurichi.
ii) The western Palayams were Uthumalai, Thalavankottai, Naduvakurichi, Singampatti and Seithur.

(i) European companies which came to trade with India.
(ii) The discovery of a new all-sea route from Europe to India via cape of Good Hope by Vasco da Gama.
(Iii) Vasco da Gama had far-reaching repercussions on the civilized world.

(i) Tertiary sector is known as service sector.
(ii) Service sector includes Government scientific, research, transport communication, trade, postal and telegraph, banking, healthcare and information technology etc.
(iii) Services sector is the largest sector of India.

The leader of the majority party in Lok Sabha is appointed by the President as the Prime Minister. The other ministers are appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister.

Factors like latitude, distance from the sea, monsoon wind, relied on features and jet stream affect the climate of India.

Canada, Belgium, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxemburg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, and the United Kingdom. Greece and Turkey, Germany.

National Waterway 1: Ganga - Bhagirathi - Hooghly river system
National Waterway 2: Brahmaputra river between Dhubri - Sadiya
National Waterway 3: Kollam - Kottapuram in the state of Kerala.

a) Ayyankali challenged many caste conventions such as clothing style. He wore clothes associated with upper castes that were prohibited for lower castes.
b) He rode on an ox - cart challenging the ban on untouchables from accessing public roads used by caste Hindus.
c) Ayyankali founded the Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangam and raised funds to educate the lower caste Pulaya people.
d) Ayyankali fought for basic rights including access to public places and entry to schools.

i) The primary objective of IMF is to ensure financial stability and development across the world.
ii) The objectives of the IMF are "to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth and reduce poverty around the world".

Entrepreneurs play a most important role in the economic growth and development of a country's economy.
i) They promote development of industries and help to remove regional disparities by industrialising rural and backward areas.
ii) They help the country to increase the GDP and per capital income.
iii) They promote capital formation by mobilising the idle savings of the citizens and country's export.
iv) Entrepreneurs provide large-scale employment to artisans, technically qualified persons and professionals and to maximise profits by innovations.
v) They enable the people to avail better quality goods at lower prices, which results in the improvement of their standard of living.

Group	countries	Objectives
IBSA	India, Brazil South Africa	To focus on agriculture, energy, trade, culture and defence.
BCIM	Bangladesh,China, India,Myanmar	To respond to threats such as natural disasters and protect business interests.
MGC (Mekong Ganga Cooperation)	India, Cambodia,Laos, PDR Myanmar, Thailand,Vietnam	To create necessary infrastructural facilities in the Ganga-Mekong basin
BBIN	Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal	For energy development.
EAS (East Asia Summit)	10 ASEAN nations + 8 strategic partners including US, China, India, Japan	To promote peace and stability

Roadways:
i) The State has a total road length of 167,000 km, in which 60,628 km are maintained by state Highways Department.
ii) It ranks second in India with a share of over 20% in total road projects under operation in the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model.
Railways:
i) The present Southern Railway network extends over a large area of India's southern peninsula.
ii) The headquarters of Southern Railway is at Chennai.
iii) Chennai has a well-established suburban railway network, a Mass Rapid Transport System (MRTS).
iv) It is currently developing a Metro system, with its first underground stretch in operation since May 2017.
Airways:
i) Tamil Nadu has four major international airports.
ii) Chennai International Airport is currently the third largest airport in India after Mumbai and Delhi.
iii) Other international airports in Tamil Nadu include Coimbatore, Madurai and Tiruchirapalli airports.
iv) It also has domestic airports at Tuticorin and Salem connecting several parts of the country.
Waterways:
i) Tamil Nadu has three major ports. They are in Chennai, Ennore and Tuticorin.
ii) It has an intermediate port at Nagapattinam and 15 minor ports. Chennai port is the second principal port in the country for handling containers.

Electronic Media:
(i) Mass Communication enables millions of people to get the information at the same time.
(ii) It is a great way to provide education as well as entertainment.
(iii) It helps in creating awareness among the people regarding various national policies and programmes.
(iv) The Mass Communication Systems can provide the information to people in two methods.
Electronic Media:
(i) Radio broadcasting in India was started in 1923 by the Radio club of Bombay.
(ii) It was named as All India Radio (AIR) in 1936 and again it was renamed as Akashwani in 1957.
(iii) It broadcasts a variety of programs related to information, education and entertainment.
Print Media:
(i) Newspapers are the most common but powerful means of communication come under print media.
(ii) India has many newspapers which carry information on local, national and international events to the people

(i) Too much flow of capital amongst countries, Introduces unfair and immoral distributors of Income
(ii) Another fear is losing national integrity Because of too much exchange of trade, independent domestic policies are lost.
(iii) Rapid growth of the economy has required a major infrastructure and resource extraction. This increase negative ecological and Social costs.
(iv) Rapid increases in exploitation of natural resources to earn foreign exchange.
(v) Environmental standards and regulations have been relaxed.

Categories of the Ministers The ministers are classified under three ranks 
(I) Cabinet Minister
(II) Ministers of State
(III) Deputy Ministers.
Cabinet Ministers
(i) The Cabinet is an informal body of senior ministers who form the nucleus of administration.
(ii) Important decisions of the government are taken by the Cabinet, such as defence, finance, external affairs and home.
(iii) The Cabinet recommends to the President to promulgate an ordinance.
(iv) It is instrumental in moving Amendments to the Constitution.
Ministers of State
(i) These ministers belong to the second category of ministers in the council.
(ii) They are also in charge of ministries or departments but they do not participate in the meetings of the cabinet unless invited to do so.
Deputy Ministers
They are the lowest ranked ministers in the cabinet. They assist either the Ministers of Cabinet or state in the performance of the duties entrusted to them

(i) The Treaty also set up the League of Nations, on the initiative of President Woodrow Wilson of the United States.
(ii) The League was expected to mediate between countries and take action against countries which indulged in military aggression.
(iii) However, the United States was not interested in playing a global role or any role in European politics.
(iv) The popular mood favoured the traditional isolationist approach, and therefore the United States did not become a member of the League.
(v) The other Allied nations were also determined to maintain a noninterventionist attitude and, in consequence, the League remained an ineffectual international body.

(i) In the 1924 elections, after intimidation of the electors, 65 percent of the votes were cast for the Fascists.
(ii) Matteotti, a socialist leader, who questioned fairness of the elections, was murdered.
(iii) The opposition parties boycotted the Parliament in protest.
(iv) Mussolini reacted by banning opposition parties and censoring the Press. Opposition leaders were killed or imprisoned.
(v) Assuming the title of II Duce (the leader), in 1926 he became a dictator with power to legislate.
(vi) He passed a law forbidding strikes and lockouts. Unions and employers were organized into corporations which would settle wages and working conditions.
(vii) In 1938 Parliament was abolished and was replaced by a body representing the Fascist Party and the corporations.
(viii) This new arrangement bolstered Mussolini's dictatorial control of the economy, as well as enabling him to wield enormous power as head of the administration and the armed forces.

(i) The Russian Communist Party could eliminate illiteracy and poverty in Russia within a record time.
(ii) Russian industry and agriculture had developed remarkably.
(iii) Women were given equal rights, including rights to vote.
(iv) Industries and banks were nationalized. Land was announced as social property.
(v) Land was distributed to poor peasants.
(vi) Lenin thought the most important factor for the fall of Provisional government was its failure to withdraw from World War.
(vii) So Lenin immediately appealed for peace.
(viii) Unmindful of the harsh terms dictated by the Central Powers, Lenin opted for withdrawing from the War to concentrate on the formation of new government.
(ix) In March 1918 the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed.

i) The river Ganga originates as Bhagirathi from the Gangotri Glacier in Uttar Khasi district of Uttarakhand state. 
ii) The length of the river Ganga is about 2,525 km. 
iii) Its major tributaries from the north are Gomti, Gandak, Kosi and Ghaghara. 
iv) Its tributaries from south are Yamuna, Son and Chambal. The largest of its tributaries is the Yamuna. 
v) The Ganga river system is the largest drainage system in India. It extends over an area of 8,61,404 sq km in India. 
vi)The Ganga plain is the most densely populated place in India.  
vii) The river Ganga is known as the River Padma in Bangladesh.  
viii) The combined river of Ganga and Brahmaputra creates the World's largest delta known as Sundarbans in Bangladesh before joining the Bay of Bengal.

The influence of Western ideas and Christianity created a new awakening in 19th century British India.
Raja Rammohan Roy:
i) Raja Rammohan Roy was deeply concerned with the prevailing customs of Sati, Child Marriage and Polygamy.
ii) He published tracts against them and petitioned the government to legislate against them.
iii) He advocated the rights of widows to remarry.
iv) He wanted polygamy to end. Rammohan Roy condemned the subjugation of women and opposed the prevailing ideas 'women were inferior to men'. He strongly advocated education for women.
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar:
i) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar provided evidence from scriptures that there was no sanction for burning of widows or for the prohibition on the remarriage of widows.
ii) He played a leading role in promoting education of girls.
iii) He dedicated his whole life for the betterment of the child widows of the Hindu society.
iv) It resulted in the Widows' Remarriage Reform act of 1856. This act was intended to improve the lot of child widows and save them from perpetual widowhood.
M.G Ranade:
i) M.G Ranade was the founder of the Widow Marriage Association.
ii) He advocated inter-caste marriage, widow remarriage, improvement of woman and depressed classes.
Jyotiba Phule:
i) Jyotiba Phule worked for the cause of women.
ii) He opposed child marriage and supported widow remarriage.
iii) He opened orphanages and homes for widows.
Other Reformers:
i) The leader of the sabha opposed both infant marriage and use of astrology.
ii) Baba Ram Singh considered both men and women equal and accepted widow remarriage. It prohibited the dowry system and child marriage.
iii) Ramalinga established a free feeding house for everyone irrespective of caste at Vadalur (1867), in the wake of a terrible famine in South India in 1866.

a) After the death of Sun Yat - Sen, Chiang Kai Shek became the leader of the Kuomintang,
b) The communist party was under Mao Tse -Tung and Chou En Lai.
c) The communists increased their influence among the workers and peasants and recruited them in the army
Retreat of Communists:
i) The Kuomintang represented the interests of the landlords and capitalists.
ii) Mao understood that the Kuomintang grip on the towns was very strong. A few hundred communists led by Mao retreated into the wild mountains. There they stayed for seven years.
iii) Kuomintang was unable to enter the mountains as Chiang Kai Shek had deal with a lot of problems.
Long March:
i) In 1934, the communist army of about 100,000 set out on a Long March. In 1935 only 20,000 reached northern Sheni after crossing 6,000 miles.
ii) By 1937, Mao had become the leader of over 10 million people of China.
Rise of Mao:
i) However Mao was keen on getting the support of the middle class.
ii) He declared that the communists wanted the rule of the people but not of the dictator.
iii) In 1949, the People's Republic of China emerged under the leadership of Mao Tse-tung.