Airports:
i) Tamil Nadu has four major international airports.
ii) Chennai International Airport is currently the third largest airport in India.
iii) Other international airports in Tamil Nadu are Coimbatore, Madurai and Tiruchirapalli airports.
iv) It also has domestic airports at Tuticorin and Salem.
Sea ports:
i) Tamil Nadu has three major ports. They are in Chennai, Ennore and Tuticorin,
ii) It has an intermediate port at Nagapattinam and 15 other minor ports.

i) Chennai has a well established sub urban railway network, a Mass Rapid Transport System (MRTS).
ii) It is currently developing a Metro system with its underground stretch in operation since May 2017.

A large number of textile mills are concentrated in Coimbatore. Hence Coimbatore is called the 'Manchester of Tamilnadu'.

Cropping seasons:
i) Sornavari(Chittirai pattam)
ii) Samba (Adipattam)
iii) Navarai (Karthigai pattam)

(i) Aware of the road signals.
(ii) Stop, look and cross.
(iii) Listen and ensure whether a vehicle is approaching;
(iv) Don't rush on roads;
(v) Cross roads in pedestrian crossings;
(vi) Don't stretch hands while driving vehicles;
(vii) Never cross road at bends and stay safe in a moving vehicle.

Roadways:
i) The State has a total road length of 167,000 km, in which 60,628 km are maintained by state Highways Department.
ii) It ranks second in India with a share of over 20% in total road projects under operation in the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model.
Railways:
i) The present Southern Railway network extends over a large area of India's southern peninsula.
ii) The headquarters of Southern Railway is at Chennai.
iii) Chennai has a well-established suburban railway network, a Mass Rapid Transport System (MRTS).
iv) It is currently developing a Metro system, with its first underground stretch in operation since May 2017.
Airways:
i) Tamil Nadu has four major international airports.
ii) Chennai International Airport is currently the third largest airport in India after Mumbai and Delhi.
iii) Other international airports in Tamil Nadu include Coimbatore, Madurai and Tiruchirapalli airports.
iv) It also has domestic airports at Tuticorin and Salem connecting several parts of the country.
Waterways:
i) Tamil Nadu has three major ports. They are in Chennai, Ennore and Tuticorin.
ii) It has an intermediate port at Nagapattinam and 15 minor ports. Chennai port is the second principal port in the country for handling containers.

Population density:
i) The density of population in Tamil Nadu is 555 per sq.km as per the 2011 census.
ii) The national average density of population as per the 2011 Census is 382.
iii) Chennai is the densest district with 26,903 persons per sq.km.
iv) Kanyakumari, Tiruvallur, Kancheepuram, Madurai, Coimbatore, Cuddalore, Thanjavur, Nagapattinam, Salem, Vellore and Tiruchirappalli are the regions with high density of population
Causes for high density of population:
i) Agriculture and industrial development are the main causes for the density of population.
ii) Job opportunities in large towns and cities attract huge population.

a) Tamil Nadu has only 2.5% percent of India's water resources. More than 95% of the surface water and 80% of the ground water have already been put into use.
b) The state is heavily dependent on monsoon rains.
\(\begin{array}{|l|l|} \hline {\text { Surface Water Resources }} & {\text { Numbers }} \\ \hline \text { River Basin } & 17 \\ \text { Reservoirs } & 81 \\ \hline \text { Tanks } & 41,127 \\ \text { Tube wells and other wells } & 4,98,644 \\ \text { Open wells } & 15,06,919 \\ \hline \text { Total (Million Cubic metres) } & 2046788 \mathrm{MCM} \\ \hline \end{array}\)
Multipurpose River Valley Projects:
i) The Mettur dam was constructed in a gorge, where river Cauvery enters the plains. It is one of the oldest dam in India.
ii) The Bhavani Sagar dam is located 80 km away from Coimbatore city in the district of Erode. It has been constructed across the river Bhavani.
iii) The Amaravathi dam is situated 25 km away from Udumalpet in Tirupur district. The dam has been constructed across the river Amaravathi, a tributary of Cauvery.
iv) Krishnagiri dam is situated at- a distance of 7 km from Krishnagiri towards Dharmapuri.
v)  Sathanur Dam was constructed across the river Thenpennai in Chengam taluk. It is in the midst of Chennakesava hills.
vi) Mullaiperiyar dam was built by the British administration in 1895. It has been constructed on the Periyar river, which originates from. Thekkady hills of Kerala.
vii) Vaigai dam built across the river Vaigai near Andipatti. The dam with a height of 111 feet can store water up to 71 feet.
viii) Manimuthar dam is located about 47 km from Tirunelveli.
viii) The Papanasam dam is also known as Karaiyar dam and is located about 49 km away from Tirunelveli. The dam is used to irrigate Tirunelveli  and Thoothukudi districts.
ix) Parappalar project is located near Ottanchatram. Its storage capacity is 167 million cubic feet of water. It is about 75 km from Madurai and is in Palani taluk.

i) Tea, coffee, cashew, rubber and cinchona are the major plantation crops of the state.
ii) Tamil Nadu ranks second in area and production of tea in India next to Assam. Tea plantations are found in the hills of the Nilgiris and Coimbatore.
iii) Coffee plants are grown in the hills of Western Ghats as well as Eastern Ghats.
iv) The Nilgiris and Yercaud in Salem are the notable regions for tea plantations.
v) It is also found in the hilly slopes of Dindigul, Madurai, Theni and Dharmapuri districts. Tamil Nadu stands second in area and production of coffee next to Karnataka.
vi) Rubber plantations are significant in Kanyakumari.
vii) Pepper is confined to the warm and wet slopes of Eastern and Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu.
viii) Cashew is extensively cultivated in Cuddalore district.