Population trends, health outcomes, education achievements, national income and composition of resources, work and employment, human security, human and capital mobility supplementary indicators: perceptions of well being and status of fundamental rights treaties are the human development indicators.

(i) Human population dynamics is a field that tracks factors related to changes in the size of population and its characteristics
(ii) Predicting population changes is an important aspect of population studies
(iii) The demographic trend affects the economic, social, and environmental systems..
(iv) The size of Population and characteristics undergoes changes constantly

The ratio between the economically active and economically inactive of population is termed as dependency ratio.

(i) Population change refers to an increase or decrease of population of an area from one period to another period.
(ii) Population growth is influenced by the birth rate, death rate and migration.
(iii) These three make the changes in population

(i) Population census is the total process of collecting, compiling, analysing or other wise disseminating demographic, economic and social data pertaining, at a specific time, of all persons in a country or a well-defined part of a country.
(ii) The data collected through the census are used for administration, planning, policy making as well as management and evaluation of various programmes by the government.

1. Roads play an important role in carrying goods and passengers for short, medium and long distances.
2. It is highly suitable for short distance services.
3. It is comparatively easy and cheap to construct and maintain roads.
4. Road transport system can establish easy contact between farms, fields, factories and markets and can provide door to door transport services.
5. They are the most universal mode of transport. Indian roads are cost efficient and used by all sections of people in the society.

National Waterway 1: Ganga - Bhagirathi - Hooghly river system
National Waterway 2: Brahmaputra river between Dhubri - Sadiya
National Waterway 3: Kollam - Kottapuram in the state of Kerala.

Pipelines provide a very convenient mode of transport to connect oil and natural gas fields, refineries and to the markets. Solids can also be transported through a pipeline when converted into slurry. The initial cost of laying pipeline is high but subsequent running cost is minimum.

1. Railways promotes national integration by bringing people together.
2. It also promotes trade, tourism, education, etc.
3. Railways help in the commercialization of the agriculture sector by facilitating the quick movement of perishable goods.
4. Its role in transporting raw materials to industries and finished goods to markets is invaluable

Dr. Mahabub-ul-haq defined as "It is a process of enlarging the range of people's choice, increasing their opportunities for education, health care, income, and empowerment. It covers the full range of human choices from a sound physical environment to economic, social and political freedom".