The main tools of foreign policy are treaties and executive agreements, appointing ambassadors foreign aid, international trade and armed forces.

i) Jawaharlal Nehru of India
ii) Tito of Yugoslavia
iii) Nasser of Egypt
iv) Sukarno of Indonesia
v) Kwame Nkumarah of Ghana

Both the super powers America and Russia were trying to extend their influence over the newly emerged nations of Asia and Africa. Nehru opposed to the rivalry of the two super powers. So India chose the path of Non-Alignment.

(i) Nehru was the architect of India's foreign policy.
(ii) He declared the principles of peaceful coexistence i.e Panchsheel.
(iii) Nehru was one of the founding fathers of NAM.

i) India is always for disarmament. It is against the use of nuclear weapons.
ii) The two themes of Indian nuclear doctrine are - No first use and Credible minimum deterrence.
iii) India has decided not to use nuclear power for 'offensive purposes' and would never use against any non-nuclear state.

i) Preservation of national interest.
ii) Achievement of world peace.
iii) Disarmament.
iv) Fostering cordial relationship with other countries.
v) Solving conflicts by peaceful means.
vi) Independence of thought and action as per the principle of NAM.
vii) Equality in conducting international relations
viii) Anti-colonialism, anti-imperialism anti-racism.
Policy of Disarmament:
i) Since independence, global non-proliferation has been a dominant theme of India's nuclear policy
ii) So India supported UN disarmament programme.
iii) Indian nuclear programme in 1974 and 1998 is only done for strategic purposes.
iv) The two themes of India's nuclear doctrine are
v) No first use
vi) Credible minimum deterrence
vii) It has decided not to use nuclear power for offensive purposes and would never use against any non-nuclear state.
viii) Indo-US civilian nuclear deal marks a significant progress in India's foreign policy.

i) Geographical position and size of territory.
ii) Nation's history, traditions and philosophical basis.
iii) Natural resources.
iv) The compulsion of economic development.
v) Political stability and structure of government.
vi) The necessity of peace, disarmament and non-proliferation of nuclear weapons.
vii) Military strength.
viii) International milieu.

i) The term 'Non - Alignment' was coined by V. Krishna Menon in his speech at the United Nations in 1953.
ii) It has been regarded as the most important feature of India's foreign policy.
iii) It aimed to maintain national independence in foreign affairs by not joining any military alliance.
iv) The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was formed with a membership of 120 countries and 17 states as observers and 10 international organisations.
v) It has transformed from a political movement to an economical movement.
Founders of Non-Aligned Movement
i) Jawaharlal Nehru of India
ii) Tito of Yugoslavia
iii) Nasser of Egypt
iv) Sukarno of Indonesia
v) Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana