The term amendment denotes change, improvement and modification. Usually this term is associated with one or more changes made in the Constitution of a country.

(i) Article 360 authorises the President to declare financial emergency if he is satisfied that the financial stability or credit of India or of any of its parts is in danger.
(ii) In this type of emergency, salaries and allowances of any class of persons serving State or Union, including judges of the Supreme Court and High Court can be reduced by an order of the President.
(iii) This type of emergency has not been declared in India so far.

The Administrative power of a State extends only to its own territory and with respect to which it has legislative competence, whereas the Union has exclusive executive power over:
(a) The matters with respect to which Parliament has exclusive power to make laws and
(b) The exercise of its powers conferred by any treaty or agreement

The 42^nd Amendment Act of 1976 transferred five subjects to Concurrent List from State List, that is, education, forests, weights and measures, protection of wild animals and birds, and administration of justice; constitution and organisation of all courts excepts the Supreme Court and the high courts

On the basis of their content and direction, directive principles they can be classified into three broad categories, viz, socialistic, Gandhian and liberal-intellectual.

The Citizenship Act of 1955 prescribes three ways of losing citizenship whether acquired under the Act or prior to it under the Constitution, viz. renunciation, termination and deprivation
(i) It can be voluntarily renounced by a citizen.
(ii) It can be terminated if a person acquires the citizenship of some other country.
(iii) The central government can deprive a naturalized citizen, if it satisfied that the citizenship was acquired by fraud, false representation or concealment of material facts or indulges in trade with enemy countries or if the person has been sentenced to imprisonment for a period of 2 years

The word 'Citizen' is derived from the Latin term 'Civis' It means resident of a City State.

i) The centre-state relations can be studied under three heads
ii) They are,     
a) Legislative relations
b) Administrative relations
c) Financial relations.

i) A writ is an order or command issued by a court in writing under its seal.
ii) It is in the nature of a command or prohibition from performing certain acts that are specified in the orders of the court.
iii) Both the Supreme Court and the High Courts are empowered to issue five kinds of writs.
iv) They are Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari and Quo Warranto.

i) Right to Equality
ii) Right to Freedom
iii) Right against Exploitation
iv) Right to Religion
v) Cultural & Educational Rights
vi) Right to Constitutional Remedies

List of Fundamental Duties:
Article 51A declares it to be the duty of every citizen of India.
(i) To abide by the constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem.
(ii) To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired the national struggle for freedom.
(iii) To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India.
(iv) To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so.
(v) To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.
(vii) To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures.
(viii) To develop scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform.
(ix) To safeguard public property and to abjure violence

The Citizenship Act of 1955 prescribes five ways of acquiring citizenship, viz, birth, descent, registration, naturalisation and incorporation of territory:
According to the Citizenship Act, 1955, the citizenship could be acquired through any of the following methods.
(i) By Birth : All persons born in India on or after January 26, 1950 are treated as citizens by birth.
(ii) By Descent: A person born outside India on or after January 26, 1950 shall be a citizen of India by descent, if his father is a citizen of India at the time of his birth.
(iii) By Registration : A person can acquire citizenship of India by registration with appropriate authority.
(iv) By Naturalisation : A foreigners can' acquire Indian citizenship, on application for naturalization to the Government of India.
(v) By Incorporation of Territory : In the event of a certain territory being added to the territory of India, the Government of India shall specify the persons of that territory who shall be citizen of India.

S.No	Fundamental Rights	Directive Principles of State Policy
1.	It was derived from the Constitution of the USA.	It was drawn on the model of the Constitution of Ireland.
2.	Even the Government cannot take away or abridge these rights.	These are more instructions to the Government
3.	These are enforceable by a court of law.	These are not enforceable in any court.
4.	These have legal sanctions.	These have moral and political sanctions.
5.	These rights strengthen political democracy in the country.	The implementation of these principles ensures social and economic democracy.

i) It is the lengthiest of all the written Constitutions of the world.
ii) It has borrowed most of the provisions from the Constitutions of various countries.
iii) It is partly rigid and partly flexible.
iv) It establishes a federal system of government.
v) It makes India as a secular state.
vi) It provides an independent judiciary.
vii) It introduces Universal Adult Franchise and accords the right to vote to all citizens above 18 years of age without any discrimination