i) The youths who were disillusioned with the sudden withdrawal of the non-cooperation Movement by Gandhi took to violence.
ii) In 1924 Hindustan Republican Army (HRA) was formed in Kanpur to overthrow the colonial rule by an armed rebellion.
iii) Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and his comrades reorganized the HRA in Punjab and they renamed it as Hindustan Socialist Republican Association in 1928.
iv) Sanders, the British Police officer, responsible for the death of Lala Lajpat Rai was assassinated.
v) Bhagat Singh along with B. K. Dutt threw a smoke bomb inside the Central Legislative Assembly in 1929.
vi) They shouted "Inquilab Zindabad" and "Long Live the Proletariat".
vii) Bhagat Singh was arrested and sentenced to death.
viii) His daring and courage fired the imagination of the youth across India.

i) Some congressmen were not satisfied with dominion status and wanted to demand complete independence.
ii) In the congress session held in Lahore in December 1929 with Jawaharlal Nehru as the President Poorna Swaraj was declared as the goal. Poorna Swaraj means complete independence.

i) On February 5, 1922, a procession of the nationalists in Chauri Chaura, a village in Uttar Pradesh, provoked by the police turned violent.
ii) The police found themselves outnumbered. So they shut themselves inside the police station.
iii) The mob burnt the police station, 22 host their lives.
iv) This is known as Chauri Chaura incident.
v) Gandhi immediately withdrew the Non cooperation movement 

i) The caliph of Turkey, who was considered the head of Muslims of the world, was given a harsh treatment.
ii) A movement was started in his support and it was called the Khilafat movement led by the Ali brothers Maulana Muhammad Ali and Maulana Shaukat Ali.
iii) Gandhi supported the movement and saw in it an opportunity to unite Hindus and Muslims.

i) The Khilafat committee meeting in Allahabad on 9 June 1920 adopted Gandhi's non-violent, non-cooperation programme.
ii) The 1920s saw a series of communal riots between the Hindus and the Muslims.
iii) Hindu Mahasabha was gaining in popularity under Madan Mohan Malaviya and the Muslim League under the Ali brothers.
iv) Serious efforts by Gandhi and Muhammad Ali Jinnah who at that time believed Swaraj was possible only with Hindu-Muslim unity, failed to stem the communal riots.
v) Jinnah proposed an amendment to the reservation of seats in the central legislature.
vi) He demanded that one-third of the seats be reserved for Muslims.
vii) He proposed a resolution which came to be known as Jinnah's fourteen points. However it was also rejected.
viii) Jinnah demanding separate state for Muslims revived the Muslim League in 1934.
ix) He was one of the staunchest critics of the Congress Ministries. He declared the day when the congress ministries resigned as the "Day of Deliverance".
x) By 1940 he demanded a separate state for the Muslims. He argued that in an independent India the Muslims would lose all political power to the Hindus.
xi) The Hindu Mahasabha and the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) took a pronounced anti-Muslim stance.
xii) The British policy of divide and rule through measures such as Partition of Bengal, Communal Award, had encouraged the vested interests out to exploit the religious differences.
xiii) When the interim government was formed, only after some hesitation the Muslims joined it.
xiv) Hartals and demonstrations took place which soon turned into Hindu-Muslim conflict.
xv) So partition of India became inevitable.
xvi) On the basis of the Mount batten Plan India was partitioned into two countries and given independence.

Lahore Congress:
i) The Congress Session was held in Lahore in December 1929 with Jawaharlal Nehru as the president. Poorna Swaraj was declared as the goal.
ii) It was also decided to boycott the Round Table conference and launch a Civil Disobedience Movement.
Civil Disobedience Movement:
A charter of demands was presented to the Viceroy Lord Irwin with an ultimatum to comply by 31 January 1930. When the Viceroy did not respond Gandhi launched the Civil Disobedience movement.
Salt Satyagraha Movement:
i) The inclusion of abolition of Salt tax was a brilliant tactical decision.
ii) It transformed Civil Disobedience Movement into a mass movement drawing all sections of the population including women in the streets.
iii) On 12 March 1930 Gandhi set out from Sabarmati Ashram with 78 of its inmates and reached Dandi on 5 April, 1930.
iv) The next morning he took a lump of salt breaking the salt law.
v) In Tamil Nadu C. Rajaji, led a similar salt march from Tiruchirappalli to Vedaranyam.
vi) In the North West frontier province Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan led the movement..
vii) Gandhi was arrested at midnight and sent to Yerawada jail.
viii) Jawaharlal Nehru, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan and other leaders were swiftly arrested.
ix) It was the biggest mass movement India had ever witnessed. But no violence was reported anywhere.

Satyagraha in South Africa:
i) Indians in the Transvaal had to pay a poll tax £.3, could not own land except in areas marked for them, and could not move outdoors after 9 pm without a permit.
ii) Gandhi launched a struggle against such unjust laws.
iii) He experimented with it for fighting the issues of immigration and racial discrimination.
iv) Meetings were held and registration offices of immigrants were picketed.
v) Even when the police let loose violence no resistance was offered by the satyagrahis.
vi) Finally by the Smuts-Gandhi Agreement the poll tax on indentured labourers was abolished.
Gandhi's Early Satyagraha in India:
i) Gandhi regarded Gopal Krishna Gokhale, whom he had met on previous visits to India, as his political guru.
ii) On his advice Gandhi travelled the length and breadth of the country before plunging into politics.
iii) It is on one of these journeys through Tamil Nadu that Gandhi decided to discard his following robes and wear a simple dhoti.
Champaran Satyagraha:
i) In Champaran in Bihar the tinkathia system was practiced. Und this exploitative system the peasants were forced by the European planters to cultivate indigo.
ii) Gandhi went to Champaran. He tried to free the peasants from the exploitation of the European planters.
iii) He led the Champaran Satyagraha.
iv) The tinkathia system was abolished. This ended the oppression of the peasants by the Indigo planters.
v) Ahmedabad mill strike (1918) and the Kheda Satyagraha (1918) helped Gandhi establish himself as a leader of mass struggle.
Rowlatt Satyagraha
i) The Rowlatt Act was enacted which provided for excessive police powers, arrest without warrant and detention without trial.
ii) Gandhi called it a 'Black Act' and in protest called for a nation-wide satyagraha on 6 April 1919.
iii) It was to be a non-violent struggle with fasting and prayer, and it was the earliest anti-colonial struggle spread across the country
Khilafat Movement
i) Khilafat Movement led by the Ali brothers, Maulana Mohamed Ali and Maulana Shaukat Ali. Gandhi supported and saw in it an opportunity to unite Hindus and Muslims.
ii) Gandhi supported Shaukat Ali's proposal of three national slogans, Allaho Akbar, Bande Mataram and Hindu-Musslamanki Jai.
iii) The Khilafat Committee meeting in Allahabad on 9 June 1920 adopted Gandhi's non-violent non-cooperation programme.