The two-fold objective of the League of Nations was to avoid war and maintain peace in the world and to promote international cooperation in economic and social affairs. The League intended to act as conciliator and arbitrator and thereby resolve a dispute in its early stages. If wars should break out despite arbitration, the members should apply sanctions to the aggressor-first economic and then military.

(i) Tsar Nicholas II of Russia suggested to the Powers that they meet together to bring about an era of universal peace.
(ii) In response two Peace Conferences were held at The Hague in Holland in 1899 and 1907, but in vain Russia fought on the side of the Allies.

Russia, France, Britain, Italy, the United States, Belgium, Serbia, Romania and Greece are the nine states that opposed the central powers.

A trust is an industrial organization engaged in the production or distribution of any commodity. The trust would possess adequate control over the supply and price of that commodity to its own advantage.

The aim of capitalistic industry was to produce more and more. The surplus wealth thus produced was used to build more factories, railways, steamships or other such undertakings.

i) The League appeared to be an organisation of those who were victorious in the First World War.
ii) Since it lacked the military power of its own, it could not enforce its decisions.
iii) The founders of this peace organisation underestimated the power of nationalism.
iv) The principle of  'collective security' could not be applied in actual practice.

i) Mustafa Kemal Pasha did a remarkable role for Turkey's rebirth as a nation.
ii) Kemal Pasha modernised Turkey and changed it out of all recognition.

Trench Warfare:
(i) Trenches or ditches dug by troops enabled soldiers to safely stand and protect themselves from enemy fire.
(ii) The main lines of trenches were connected to each other and to the rear by a series of linking trenches through which food, ammunition, fresh troops, mail, and orders were delivered.

Britain, France and Russia are the three countries in the Triple Entente.

(i) In 1894 Japan forced a war on China.
(ii) The crushing defeat of China by little Japan in the Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) surprised the whole world.
(iii) Despite the warning of the three great powers Russia, Germany and France Japan annexed the Liaotung peninsula with Port Arthur.
(iv) By this action Japan proved that it was the strongest nation of the East Asia.