OPEC:
i) It is a group of oil producing nations (i.e. Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia).
ii) Its membership is open to any country that exports crude oil.
OPEC'S mission:
i) To co-ordinate oil policies in its member countries.
ii) Help stabilise oil markets.
iii) To secure fair and stable income to petroleum producers.
iv) An efficient, economic and regular supply of oil to consuming nations.
v) A fair return on capital to those investing in the petroleum industry.
Helps other countries:
i) It helps finance projects with low interests loans.
ii) It provides grants to social and humanitarian projects.
iii) It has an Information centre with over 20,000 volumes including books, reports map and conference proceedings related to petroleum, energy and the oil market.
iv) It is open to the public and for the rescarchers and students.

Reason:
i) To be an alternative to World Bank and IMF to challenge U.S. supremacy.
ii) To provide self-owned and self managed organisations to carryout developmental and economical plan in its member nations.
Objectives:
i) To achieve regional development.
ii) It acts as a bridge between developed and developing countries.
iii) To contribute extensively to the development of humanity.
iv) To establish a more equitable and fair world.
v) Boost intra BRICS trade in their local currencies to increase trade cooperation and cope with the current international financial crisis.
vi) To promote the technological information exchange among the member states.
vii) To enhance inclusive economic growth that will lead to the creation of jobs, fight against poverty and accelerate the economic transformation of members.

Group	countries	Objectives
IBSA	India, Brazil South Africa	To focus on agriculture, energy, trade, culture and defence.
BCIM	Bangladesh,China, India,Myanmar	To respond to threats such as natural disasters and protect business interests.
MGC (Mekong Ganga Cooperation)	India, Cambodia,Laos, PDR Myanmar, Thailand,Vietnam	To create necessary infrastructural facilities in the Ganga-Mekong basin
BBIN	Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal	For energy development.
EAS (East Asia Summit)	10 ASEAN nations + 8 strategic partners including US, China, India, Japan	To promote peace and stability

a) There was an increase in the number of educated non-Brahmins.
b) They raised the issue of caste discrimination and unequal opportunities in government employment and representation in elected bodies, which were dominated by Brahmins.
c) Further, the Congress was also overwhelmingly composed of Brahmins.
Madras Dravidian Association:
a) The non-Brahmins organised themselves into political organisations to protect their interests.
b) In 1912 the Madras Dravidian Association was founded. C. Natesanar played an active role as its secretary.
d) On 20 November 1916 a meeting of about thirty non-Brahmins was held under the leadership of P. Thyagarayar, Dr. T.M. Nair and C. Natesanar in Chennai.
The South Indian Liberal Federation:
The South Indian Liberal Federation (SILF) was founded to promote the interests of the non-Brahmins.
Justice Ministry:
a) The Congress boycotted the elections of 1920.
b) The Justice Party won 63 of 98 elected seats in the Legislative Council.
c) A. Subburayalu of the Justice  Party became the first chief minister.
d) After the 1923 elections, Raja of Panagal of the Justice Party formed the ministry.

Partition of Bengal :
a) Partition of Bengal in 1905 was the most unpopular of all.
b) The partition led to wide spread protests all across India, starting a new phase of the Indian national movement.
c) The idea of partition was devised to suppress the political activities against the British rule in Bengal by creating a Hindu-Muslim divide.
d) Instead of dividing the Bengali people along the religious line the partition united them.
Anti-partition movement :
a) The boycott of British goods was one such method.
b) The agenda of Swadeshi Movement was still restricted to secure an annulment of partition.
c) The moderates were very much against utilising the campaign to start a full-fledged passive resistance.
d) But the militant nationalists were in favour of extending the movement beyond Bengal and to initiate a full-scale mass struggle.
e) The day Bengal was officially partitioned, 16 October 1905 was declared as a day of mourning.
f) Thousands of people took bath in the Ganga and marched on the streets of Calcutta singing 'Vande Mataram'.
Boycott and Swadeshi Movement in Bengal (1905-1911)
a) Boycott and swadeshi were always interlinked to each other and part of the wider plan to make India self-sufficient.
b) Four major trends can be discerned during the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal.
i) The Moderate Trend
ii) Militant Nationalism
iii) Constructive Swadeshi
iv) Revolutionary terrorism

Contribution of different sectors GD P in India:
i) Gross Value Added (GVA) at current prices for services sector is estimated at 92.6 lakh crore in 2018 - 19.
ii) Services sector accounts for 54.40% of total India's (GVA) of 169.61 lakh crore Indian Rupees.
iii) With GVA of Rs. 50.43 lakh crore, Industry sector contributes 29.73%.
iv) Agriculture and allied sector shares 15.87%.
v) At 2011-12 prices, composition of Agriculture &allied, Industry and services sectors are 14.39%, 31.46% and 54.15% respectively.
vi) The share of primary like agriculture, forestry, fishing and mining and quarrying.
vii) Secondary (Industry) like, manufacturing, electricity, gas, water supply, utility services and construction, tertiary (services) like, trade, hotels, transport, communication etc. have been estimated as 18.57%, 27.03%, 54.40%.
viii) According to sector wise India GDP composition in 2017 are Agriculture (15.4%), Industry (23%) and services (61.5%).
ix) India is 2nd largest producer of agriculture product.
x) India accounts for 7.39% of total global agricultural output.
xi) In Industry sector, India world rank is 6.
xii) In service sector, India world rank is 8.
xiii) Contribution of Agriculture sector in Indian economy is much higher than world's average 6.4%.
xiv) Contribution of Industry and services sector is lower than world's average 30% for Industry sector and 63% for services sector.
xv) At previous methodology, composition of Agriculture & allied, Industry and services sector was 51.81%, 14.16% and 33.25% respectively at current prices in 1950-51.
(xvi) Share of Agriculture & allied sector has declined at 18.20% in 2013 - 14.
xvii) Share of services sector has improved to 57.03%.
xviii) Share of Industry sector has also increased to 24.77%.

(i) The plateau region lies to the south of the Great Northern Plains. This is the largest physiographic division of our country.
(ii) It covers an area of about 16 lakh sq.km (about half of the total area of the country). It is an old rocky plateau region.
(iii) Aravalli hills mark the north-western boundary of the plateau region.
(iv) Its northern and north-eastern boundaries are marked by the Bundelkhand upland, Kaimur and Rajmahal hills.
(v) The Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats mark the western and eastern boundaries respectively.
(vi) The peak of Anaimudi is the highest point in the plateau. Its height is 2,695 m and is located in Anaimalai.
(vii) River Narmada divides the plateau region of India broadly into 2 parts.
(viii) The region lying to the north of the Narmada is called the Central Highlands and the region lying to the south of Narmada is called the Deccan Plateau.
(ix) All the major rivers (Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri, etc.) lying to the south of the Vindhyas flow eastwards and fall into the Bay of Bengal.
(x) Narmada and Tapti are the two rivers situated to the south of the Vindhyas flow westward.
(xi) Their movement towards west is due to the presence of a rift valley in the region.

Communist Victory:
(i) With the surrender of the Japanese (1945), both the Kuomintang and the communists sought to occupy the Japanese areas.
(ii) In this race the Kuomintang was successful. The cities and railways soon fell into their hands.
(iii) Even the area around Peking was soon controlled by Chiang Kai-shek's forces, largely because of the military aid given by the USA.
(iv) With the massive support provided by the USA, Kuomintang government controlled the administration, ports and communication system.
(v) But the soldiers, mainly drawn from the peasants, were disillusioned and discontented.
(vi) Mao was keen on obtaining the support of the middle class.
(vii) Mao continued the use of guerrilla tactics but also ordered large-scale military movements.
(viii) Cities fell one by one and Chiang Kai-shek's army began to disintegrate quickly.
(ix) In the summer of 1948, Communist control had been established over most parts of China.

(i) One of the major problems confronting the European powers was how to achieve disarmament.
(ii) In 1925 the Council of the League set up a commission to hold a Disarmament Conference to sort out the problem.
(iii) But the proposed conference materialised only in February 1932. In this Conference, Germany's demand of equality of arms with France was rejected. In October Hitler withdrew Germany from the Conference and the League.
(iv) Japan attacked Manchuria in September 1931 and the League condemned Japan.
(v) So Japan also followed the example of Germany and resigned from the League.
(vi) In the context of Italy's attack on Ethiopia, the League applied sanctions.
(vii)  As the sanctions came into effect, Italy resigned from the League in 1937.
(viii) There after the League was a passive witness to events, taking no part in the crises over the Rhineland, Austria, Czechoslovakia and Poland.
(ix) The last decisive action it took was in December 1939 when Russia was expelled for her attack on Finland.
(x) The Assembly did not meet again and the League of Nations was finally dissolved in 1946.

S.No	Fundamental Rights	Directive Principles of State Policy
1.	It was derived from the Constitution of the USA.	It was drawn on the model of the Constitution of Ireland.
2.	Even the Government cannot take away or abridge these rights.	These are more instructions to the Government
3.	These are enforceable by a court of law.	These are not enforceable in any court.
4.	These have legal sanctions.	These have moral and political sanctions.
5.	These rights strengthen political democracy in the country.	The implementation of these principles ensures social and economic democracy.

On the basis of climate, soil and land form characteristics the natural vegetation of India can be divided into the following types.
Tropical Evergreen Forest:
i) These forest are found in areas with 200 cm or more annual rainfall.
ii) Western Ghats in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Andaman Nicobar Islands, Assam, West Bengal, Nagaland, Tripura, Mizoram, Manipur and Meghalaya states have this type of forests.
iii) The most important trees are rubber, mahogany, ebony, rosewood, coconut, bamboo, cinchona, candes, palm, iron wood and cedar.
Tropical Deciduous Forest:
i) These forests are found in the areas with 100 to 200 cm annual rainfall.
ii) These are called 'Monsoon Forests'.
iii) The trees of these forests drop their leaves during the spring and early summer.
iv) These forests are found in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
v) Teak and Sal are the most important trees. Sandal wood, rose wood, Kusum, Mahua, Palas haldu, amla, padank, bamboo and tendu are the other trees of economic importance.
vi) These forests also provide fragrant oil, varnish, sandal oil and perfumes.
Tropical Dry Forest:
i) These forests are found in the areas with 50 to 100 cm annual rainfall.
ii) They represent a transitional type of forests.
iii) These are found in east Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab, Western Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Eastern Maharashtra, Telangana, West Karnataka and East Tamil Nadu.
iv) The important species are mahua, banyan, amaltas, palas, haldu, kikar, bamboo, babool, khair, etc.
Tropical Thorn Forest:
i) These are found in the areas having annual rainfall of less than 50 cm.
ii) They have low humidity and high temperature.
iii) These forests are found in north - west India, which includes west Rajasthan, South west
iv) Haryana, North Gujarat, South  - west Punjab, parts of the Deccan plateau in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra.
v) Babul, Kikar and Wild palms are common trees found here.
Mountain or Montane Forest:
On the basis of altitude and amount of rainfall, these forests are classified into two.
i) Eastern Himalayan Forest,
ii) Western Himalayan Forest.
Alpine Forest:
i) It occurs all along the Himalayas with above 2400 m altitude.
ii) These are purely having coniferous trees.
iii) Oak, silver fir, pine and juniper are the main trees of these forests.
iv) The eastern parts of Himalayas have large extent of these forests.
Mangrove Forest:
i) These forests occur in and around the deltas, estuaries, creeks, prone to tidal influences and as such are also known as delta or swamp forests.
ii) The delta of the Ganga, Brahmaputra has the largest tidal forest.
iii) These are also known as Sundarbans forest.
iv) The deltas of Mahanadi, Godavari and Krishna rivers are also known for tidal forests.
v) These are also known as tidal forests.

The influence of Western ideas and Christianity created a new awakening in 19th century British India.
Raja Rammohan Roy:
i) Raja Rammohan Roy was deeply concerned with the prevailing customs of Sati, Child Marriage and Polygamy.
ii) He published tracts against them and petitioned the government to legislate against them.
iii) He advocated the rights of widows to remarry.
iv) He wanted polygamy to end. Rammohan Roy condemned the subjugation of women and opposed the prevailing ideas 'women were inferior to men'. He strongly advocated education for women.
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar:
i) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar provided evidence from scriptures that there was no sanction for burning of widows or for the prohibition on the remarriage of widows.
ii) He played a leading role in promoting education of girls.
iii) He dedicated his whole life for the betterment of the child widows of the Hindu society.
iv) It resulted in the Widows' Remarriage Reform act of 1856. This act was intended to improve the lot of child widows and save them from perpetual widowhood.
M.G Ranade:
i) M.G Ranade was the founder of the Widow Marriage Association.
ii) He advocated inter-caste marriage, widow remarriage, improvement of woman and depressed classes.
Jyotiba Phule:
i) Jyotiba Phule worked for the cause of women.
ii) He opposed child marriage and supported widow remarriage.
iii) He opened orphanages and homes for widows.
Other Reformers:
i) The leader of the sabha opposed both infant marriage and use of astrology.
ii) Baba Ram Singh considered both men and women equal and accepted widow remarriage. It prohibited the dowry system and child marriage.
iii) Ramalinga established a free feeding house for everyone irrespective of caste at Vadalur (1867), in the wake of a terrible famine in South India in 1866.

Rise of Hitler:
(i) Adolf Hitler was able to exploit the general discontent among the Germans.
ii) He founded the Nationalist Socialist party generally known as 'the Nazis'.
iii) The fundamental platform on which Hitler built his support was the notion of the racial superiority of the German as a pure, Aryan' race.
iv) He had a deep hatred for the Jews.
v) He came to power in 1933 and ruled Germany till 1945.
vi) In direct contravention of the clauses of the Treaty of Versailles he rearmed Germany.
vii) It solved the problem of unemployment in Germany.
viii) Soon Germany and Italy came closer and they formed Rome - Berlin Axis. When Japan joined it, it became Rome - Berlin - Tokyo axis.
ix) Hitler invaded the Rhineland
x) Hitler invaded Austria, Czechoslovakia and Sudetenland.
Fall of Hitler:
i) Initially German army had success. But after the entry of America the axis powers were defeated one after another.
ii) The British Royal Air Force inflicted severe losses on Germany.
iii) In 1941 German army invaded Russia. It was also a failure.
iv) In North Africa the German forces were defeated by General Montgomery.
v) The allied forces under the command of Eisenhower invaded Normandy in France. Slowly, the German army was forced back. Hitler committed suicide in April 1945.

Origin of German Fascism:
a) The origin of German fascism goes back to 1919 when a group of seven men met in Munich and founded the National Socialist German Workers' Party. Nazi party one of them was Adolf Hitler.
b) During World War I, he served in the Bavarian army.
Hitler's attempt to capture power:
a) In 1923 Hitler attempted to capture power in Bavaria.
b) He was arrested and sent to jail. During his time in prison he wrote "Mein Kampf" (My Struggle), an autobiographical book containing his political ideas.
Presidential election:
a) In the Presidential election of 1932, the Communist Party polled about 6,000,000 votes. Alarmed capitalists and property owners tilted towards supporting fascism. Hitler exploited this opportunity to usurp powers.
b) Republican government fell, as the Communists refused to collaborate with the Social Democrats. Industrialists, bankers and Junkers prevailed upon President Von Hindenburg to designate Hitler as Chancellor in 1933.
Hitler's Third Reich:
a) The Nazi state of Hitler, known as Third Reich brought an end to the parliamentary democracy. Germany was converted into a highly centralised state.
b) All political parties except the Nazi party were declared illegal.
c) The army of brown-shirted and jack-booted storm-troopers was expanded.
d) The Hitler Youth was created, and the Labour Front set up.
e) Trade unions were abolished, their leaders were arrested. Strikes were made illegal, wages were fixed by the government.
Hitler became the President:
In August 1934 Hindenburg died and Hitler became both President and Commander in Chief of the armed forces.

A large number of textile mills are concentrated in Coimbatore. Hence Coimbatore is called the 'Manchester of Tamilnadu'.

i) Failure of the Cripps Mission led to the Quit India movement by the Congress.
ii) On 8 August 1942 the Quit India resolution was passed.
iii) Gandhi gave the slogan “Do or Die“.
iv) All the Congress leaders were arrested.
v) In Tamil Nadu Kamaraj worked underground and organized people during the Quit India Movement.
vi) Rajaji and Satyamurti were arrested.
vii) There were many incidents of violence in Tamil Nadu.
viii) Post offices were set fire. Telephone lines were cut off.
ix) Railway services were disrupted.
x) There were a large number of workers strike.
xi) Buckingham and Carnatic mills, Madras Port Trust and Electric Tramway went on strike.
xii) Many public buildings were burnt.
xiii) Students of various colleges took part in the protest.
xiv) The airport in Sulur was attacked.
xv) Trains were derailed in Coimbatore.
xvi) The protestors clashed with the military in Madurai.
xvii) There were police firing. Finally the agitation was suppressed 

i) The Company had gained the right to collect taxes from Panchalamkurichi.
ii) The Company appointed its Collectors to collect taxes from all the Palayams.
iii) The Collectors humiliated the Palayakkarars and adopted force to collect the taxes. This was the bone of contention between the English and Kattabomman.

All the decisions and decrees issued by the High Court are printed and are kept as a record for future references by the Court as well as by the lawyers, is such a need arises. Thus, it also acts as a Court of Record.

The word 'Citizen' is derived from the Latin term 'Civis' It means resident of a City State.

(i) The Indian Board for Wildlife (IBWL) was constituted in 1952 to suggest means of protection, conservation, and management of wildlife to the government.
(ii) The government of India enacted Wildlife (Protection) Act in 1972 with the objective of effectively protecting the wildlife of the country and to control poaching, smuggling and illegal trade in wildlife and its diversities.
(iii) United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity( CBD) in 1992 recognizes the sovereign rights of states to use their own Biological Resources.

The Brahmo Samaj, the Prarthana Samaj, and the Aligarh Movement.

The two-fold objective of the League of Nations was to avoid war and maintain peace in the world and to promote international cooperation in economic and social affairs. The League intended to act as conciliator and arbitrator and thereby resolve a dispute in its early stages. If wars should break out despite arbitration, the members should apply sanctions to the aggressor-first economic and then military.

(i) To set and enforce rules for international trade.
(ii) To provide a forum for negotiating and monitoring further trade liberalization.
(iii) To solve trade disputes.
(iv) To increase the transparency of decision making processes. 

The Ministers are classified under three ranks.
i) Cabinet Ministers
ii) Ministers of state
iii) Deputy Ministers

i) In 1955 Turkey, Iraq, Great Britain, Pakistan and Iran signed a pact known as Baghdad Pact.
ii) In 1958 the United States joined the organization and thereafter it came to be known as the Central Treaty Organization.
iii) This treaty was open to any Arab nation desiring peace and security in the region. CENTO was dissolved in 1979.

i) The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, referred to as Bretton Woods Twins. They were both established in 1945 after the Bretton Woods conference in 1944.
ii) The two main organs of the World Bank are the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Agency (IDA). Together they often referred to as the World Bank.

a) The Great Depression of 1929 had a disastrous impact on British trade and business.
b) Britain transmitted the effects of Depression to its colonies.
c) Bilateral trade treaties between Britain and the Member States of the British Empire were signed at an economic summit in Ottawa in 1932, in which the participants (including India) agreed to give preference to imperial (British) over non-imperial goods.