i) The first All India Trade Union Conference (AITUC) was held on 31 October 1920 in Bombay.
ii) The delegates discussed several resolutions
iii) These included a demand for protection from police interference in labour disputes, the maintenance of an unemployment register, restriction on exporting foodstuffs, compensation for injuries and health insurance.
iv) They also demanded that Indian workers be given some representation in the government.

i) Periyar was critical of patriarchy.
ii) He had a concern over the plight of women.
iii) He emphasised women's right to divorce and property.
iv) He condemned child marriage and devadasi system.
v) He believed that property rights for women would provide them social status and protection.
vi) He was a strong champion of birth control.
vii) According to him motherhood was a burden to women.

(i) C.W Damotharanar,
(ii) U.V. Swaminathar,
(iii) Thiru Vi. Kaliyanasundaram,
(iv) Parithimar Kalaignar,
(v) Maraimalai Adigal,
(vi) Subramania Bharathi,
(vii) S. Vaiyapuri and
(viii) the poet Bharatidasan.

i) In 1816, F.W. Ellis, formulated the theory that the south Indian languages belonged to a separate family which was unrelated to the Indo-Aryan family of languages.
ii) Robert Caldwell (1814-1891) expanded this argument in a book titled, "A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South Indian Family of Languages." in 1856.
iii) He established the close affinity between the Dravidian languages in contrast with Sanskrit and also established the antiquity of Tamil.

Periyar E.V. Ramasamy was the founder of the Self-Respect Movement.
Caste based:
a) The Self-Respect Movement introduced a programme of non-Brahmin uplift in Tamil Nadu.
b)The Movement criticized Brahminism and the cultural hegemony of the Brahmins.
c) It advocated a casteless society devoid of rituals and differences based on birth..
d) The movement declared rationality and self-respect as the birthright of all human beings.
Through newspapers:
a) Periyar started a number of newspapers like Kudi Arasu, Revolt, Puratchi and Viduthalai.
b) He expressed his opinion on social issues in each of its issues.
Education:
a) He stressed on compulsory elementary education to all.
b) He opposed the introduction of Kula Kalvi Thittam.
Anti Hindi Stance:
a) Periyar took an anti-Hindi stance.
b) He was against the introduction of Hindi in schools.
Periyar on religion:
a) Periyar opposed superstitions.
b) He advocated intercaste and self respect marriages.
d) He fought for the temple entry of untouchables.
Periyar, a Feminist:
a) He was critical of patriarchy. He condemned child-marriage and the devadasi system.
b) He believed that property rights for women would provide them a social status and protection.
c) He welcomed equal rights for males and females in property, guardianship and adoption.
d) Periyar's Self Respect Movement worked for emancipation of women.

South Indian Liberal Federation (Justice Party):
a) On 20 November 1916 around 30 prominent non-Brahmin leaders including Dr. C. Natesanar, Sir Pitti Theyagarayar, T.M. Nair and Alamelu Mangai Thayarammal came together to form the South Indian Liberation Federation.
b) Later, the South Indian Liberation Federation came to be called Justice party.
Programmes and Activities:
a) The Justice Party is the fountain head of the non-Brahmin Movement in the country.
b) The Justice Party government widened education and employment opportunities for the majority of the population.
c) The Justice removed the legal hindrances restricting inter-caste marriages and broke the barriers that prevented Depressed Classes from the use of public wells and tanks.
d) The Justice Party government ordered that public schools accommodate the children of the Depressed Classes.
e) Hostels were established for the students belonging to his social group.
f) Women were permitted to participate in the electoral politics in 1921.
g) The Justice Party worked towards legislating provisions for communal representation reservations for various communities.
h) Two Communal Government Orders were passed to ensure equitable distribution in appointments among various castes and communities.
i) The Justice Party rule established the Staff Selection Board in 1924 for the selection of government officials.
j) In 1929, the Public Service Commission was established.
Towards Religion:
a) The Justice Party further concentrated on reforms in religious institutions.
b) The Justice Party introduced the Hindu Religious Endowment (HRE) Act in 1926. It enabled any individual, irrespective of their caste affiliation, to become a member of the temple. committee and govern the resources of the religious institutions.

Tamil Renaissance:
i) The cultural hegemony of colonialism and the rise of humanism brought several changes in the socio-cultural life of the Indian subcontinent.
ii) Modern Tamil Nadu too experienced such a historical transition.
iii) Tamil language and culture played a significant role in their identity construction.
iv) The introduction of printing press, linguistic research on Dravidian languages, etc.... underpinned the process of Tamil renaissance.
v) Although religious literature was taken up predominantly for publication in the early years after the advent of printing technology, things began to change gradually,
vi) Works that can be described as secular were taken up for publishing.
Advent of the Printing Technology:
i) In the nineteenth century, Tamil scholar's like C.W. Damotharanar (1832-1901), and U. V. Swaminathar (1855-1942) spent their lifetime in the rediscovery of the Tamil classics.
C.W. Damotharanar:
i) C.W. Damotharanar collected and edited different palm-leaf manuscripts of the Tamil grammar and literature.
ii) His editions included such texts as Tolkappiyam, Viracholiyam, Iraiayanar Akapporul, Ilakkana Vilakkam, Kaliththokai and Chulamani.
U.V. Swaminathar:
i) U.V. Swaminathar, took efforts to publish the classical texts such as Civakachinthamani,
ii) Pathitrupattu, Purapporul Venpa Malai, Manimekalai, Ainkurunuru and Pathitrupathu.
iii) This provided the Tamil people with a revelation about their heritage.
iv) Therefore, the rediscovery of ancient classics and their publication is considered the foundation of Tamil renaissance.
Works of scholars:
i) The publication of these ancient literary texts created an awareness among the Tamil people about their historical tradition, language, literature and religion.
ii) Modern Tamils founded their social and cultural identity on the ancient Tamil classics, collectively called the Sangam literature.
iii) Tamil intellectuals of this period identified the fundamental differences between Tamil/Dravidian/Egalitarian and Sanskrit/ Aryan/ Brahmanism.
iv) They argued that Tamil was a language of Dravidian people, who are non-Brahmin and their social life was casteless, gender-sensitised and egalitarian.
v) Tamil renaissance contributed to the origin and growth of Dravidian consciousness in the Tamil country.
vi) These ideas are exemplified in the Tamil invocation song written by Manonmaniam P.Sundaranar.
Other scholars:
i) C.W. Damotharanar, U.V Swaminathar, Thiru. Vi. Kalyanasundaram, Parithimar Kalaignar, Maraimalai Adigal, Subramanian Bharati, S. Vaiyapuri and the poet Bharatidasan, in their own ways and through their writings contributed to the revival of Tamil literature.
ii) Maraimalai Adigal's pure Tamil Movement, the language reforms of Periyar and Tamil Isai movement helped to galvanise the Tamil language.