The term Welfare State refers to the concept that the government is responsible for the social and economic welfare of the people, thus expanding the role of the state beyond providing defence and maintaining law and order.

(i) To promote economic development in poorer countries and the Bank lends money to various countries for developmental projects.
(ii) A further area of interest is poverty alleviation, especially in the rural areas of developing countries.

The two main organs of the World Bank are the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Agency (IDA).

(i) The United States and the Soviet Union entered into a race to have more nuclear-powered weapons.
(ii) They built a large stockpile of such weapons.
(iii) Britain and France also developed their own nuclear weapons.
(iv) Countries began to devote a large amount of resources in developing more and more powerful weapons of great destructive power, and defense spending sky-rocketed in many countries.

(i) The Japanese generals refused to surrender and finally, the US dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima.
(ii) As the Japanese still refused to surrender, another atom bomb was dropped on Nagasaki.
(iii) Japan ultimately announced surrender on 15 August 1945 and formally signed 2 September 1945 bringing an end to World War II.

(i) Mussolini had been thrown out and the new government of Italy surrendered to the Allies in 1943.
(ii) However, the Germans set Mussolini up in a puppet regime in the north. Mussolini was killed in April 1945, by Italian partisans.

(i) "We shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be. We shall fight on the beaches. We shall fight in the fields and in the streets. We shall never surrender."
(ii) This inspirational speech by Winston Churchill in June 1940 boosted the morale of the British people when there were real fears of an invasion by Germany.

(i) Battle of Britain- By July 1940, it was feared that the Germans were planning to invade Britain.
(ii) Hitler wanted to force Britain to accept his proposals for peace by a prolonged airborne bombing campaign.
(iii) The German air force began to attack specific targets, especially the ports, airfields, and industrial installations.
(iv) In September 1940, London was bombed mercilessly, an action known as The Blitz.
(v) By October 1940, night bombing raids on London and other industrial cities began.

(i) Britain and France continued to be non- interventionist.
(ii) The mood in Britain was not in favor of starting another war.
(iii) Prime Ministers Baldwin and Chamberlain did not feel justified in intervening in a region which was not officially in their sphere of interest.
(iv) The United States was totally indifferent to the outside world and was concerned with the revival of the economy after the Great Depression.

The end of World War II signaled a change in the world order and political configurations among the major powers. In addition, an era of large-scale social and economic change across the world was ushered in.

While the world at large had experienced many wars, these two wars are referred to as "World wars" because of the extended areas of the conflict and the very high death toll of civilians as well as armed combatants. Both wars were fought on several fronts across Europe, Asia, and Africa.

i) In, 1942 the Report Commonly known as the Beveridge Report was published in the U.K.
ii) It proposed a series of measures which the Government should adopt to provide the Citizens.
iii) The major impediments are adequate income, health care, education, housing and employment to overcome poverty and discase.

i) On December 1941, Japan attacked American naval installations in Pearl Harbour, Hawaii without any warning
ii) The idea was to cripple America's Pacific fleet so that Japan would not face any opposition
iii) Many battleships and numerous fighter planes were destroyed.
iv) The United States declared war on Japan, with Britain and China also joining in.
v) This brought together both the Asia Pacific and the European war into one common cause.
vi) Most importantly, it brought the United States with its enormous resources into the war as a part of the Allies.

i) Mussolini of Italy,
ii) Adolf Hitler of Germany
iii) Franco of Spain

There are many clauses but the three main clauses are:
i) Germany was forced to give up territories to the west, north and east of the German border.
ii) Germany had to disarm and was allowed to retain only a very restricted armed force
iii)  As reparations for the war, Germany was expected to pay for the military and civilian cost of the war to the Allied nations.