In a democratic set-up, political parties are required because without political parties:
(a) every candidate in the elections will be independent.  No promises could be made and the utility of the government formed will remain uncertain.
(b) no one will be responsible for running the country. Elected representatives will only be accountable to their constituency.
(c) there will be no agency to gather and present different views on various issues to the government.
(d) no one will be responsible for bringing various representatives together so as to form a responsible government.
(e) there will be no mechanism to support the government, make policies and justify or oppose them.

Laws made to regulate internal politics:  
(a) It should be compulsory to maintain a register of its members.
(b) It should hold independent inquiry in case of a party dispute.
(c) It should hold open elections to top party posts.
(d) It should be mandatory to give 1/3 party tickets to women candidates.
(e) There should be a quota for women in decision making bodies.
(f) The government or the state should help parties during elections by funding them.
(g) Expenses for petrol, paper, telephone etc., should be given. (h) Cash can be given on the basis of votes secured by the party in the last elections.

(a) A law should be established to regulate the internal affairs of parties, thereby making them more transparent.
(b) Women should be given at least one-third tickets.
(c) The state should fund election campaigns, thereby eliminating lobbying groups and unfair competition.

The two-party system is one in which the power alternates between two parties. The following are the advantages of two-party system.
(a) Stable government: The government in this party system would be very stable as it comes to power by a majority and, thus, there will be continuity of policies and programmes.
(b) Strong opposition: In the bi-party system, the opposition will be very strong and effective as only one party forms the opposition.
(c) Responsible government: This system best reconciles responsiveness with order and representative government with efficient governance.
The following are the disadvantages of two-party system.
(a) Undemocratic: Sometimes, the two-party system is considered undemocratic as the ideological choice is very limited between two parties. The opinions of people cannot be expressed properly.
(b) Cabinet dictatorship: Since the party comes to power by an absolute majority, it is difficult to remove it and it can result in the dictatorship of the cabinet.

The India National Congress (INC) espouses secularism and welfare of weaker section and minorities.
Four feature of INC are as follows.
(a) INC is one of the oldest parties of the world. It played a dominate role in Indian politics for several decades.
(b) Under the leadership of Jawaharlal nehru, INC sought to build a modern secular democratic republic in India.
(c) It supports new economic reforms but with a human face.
(d) Currently, INC is leading the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) as the opposition party at the centre.

BharatiyaJanata Party (BJP) gets inspiration from India's ancient culture and values. The main features of this party are
(i) Cultural nationalism or Hindutva is an important element in BJP's conception of Indian nationhood and politics.
(ii) It wants full territorial and political integration of Jammu and Kashmir with India.
(iii) It claims a uniform civil code for all people living in the country irrespective of religion.
(iv) It wants to ban on religious conversions. The party wants to get an anti-conversion law to stop religious conversion in the country.

In a democratic set-up, political parties are required because without political parties:
(a) every candidate in the elections will be independent.  No promises could be made and the utility of the government formed will remain uncertain.
(b) no one will be responsible for running the country. Elected representatives will only be accountable to their constituency.
(c) there will be no agency to gather and present different views on various issues to the government.
(d) no one will be responsible for bringing various representatives together so as to form a responsible government.
(e) there will be no mechanism to support the government, make policies and justify or oppose them.

In a democratic set-up, political parties are required because without political parties:
(a) every candidate in the elections will be independent.  No promises could be made and the utility of the government formed will remain uncertain.
(b) no one will be responsible for running the country. Elected representatives will only be accountable to their constituency.
(c) there will be no agency to gather and present different views on various issues to the government.
(d) no one will be responsible for bringing various representatives together so as to form a responsible government.
(e) there will be no mechanism to support the government, make policies and justify or oppose them.

In a democratic set-up, political parties are required because without political parties:
(a) every candidate in the elections will be independent.  No promises could be made and the utility of the government formed will remain uncertain.
(b) no one will be responsible for running the country. Elected representatives will only be accountable to their constituency.
(c) there will be no agency to gather and present different views on various issues to the government.
(d) no one will be responsible for bringing various representatives together so as to form a responsible government.
(e) there will be no mechanism to support the government, make policies and justify or oppose them.

In a democratic set-up, political parties are required because without political parties:
(a) every candidate in the elections will be independent.  No promises could be made and the utility of the government formed will remain uncertain.
(b) no one will be responsible for running the country. Elected representatives will only be accountable to their constituency.
(c) there will be no agency to gather and present different views on various issues to the government.
(d) no one will be responsible for bringing various representatives together so as to form a responsible government.
(e) there will be no mechanism to support the government, make policies and justify or oppose them.