The growth of nationalism did not come only through wars but also through the different forms of culture such as art, poetry, dance, music tic contributed to the growth of nationalism. The following three examples will show the contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe: -
Example 1 - Romanticism - It is a cultural movement which developed nationalist sentiment through creative works like painting, poetry, literature, folk songs, dances etc. It focused on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings. They aimed to create a sense of collective heritage as the basis of a nation.
Example 2 - Emphasis on Vernacular Language - It carried the modern nationalist message to people who were illiterate. Though Poland is no longer existed as an independent nation, national feelings were kept alive through music and language. Karol Kurpinski celebrated the national struggle through music, folk dances into nationalist symbols.
Example 3 - Johann Gottfried Herder - According to him, German culture was inculcated to the common people through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances. So collecting and recording these forms of folk culture was essential to the nation - building.

Romanticism referred to a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of national sentiment in the following ways
1. Romantic artist and poets generally criticised the glorification of reason and science.
2. They focussed on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings
3. Their effort was to create a sense of a shared collective heritage, a common cultural past as the basis of a nation.
4. Some German romantics like Johann Gottfried Herder thought that through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dance, the true spirit of the nation could, be popularised. He claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people.

Napoleon introduced the following changes to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by him:-
(a) The Civil Code introduced by him in 1804 abolished all privileges based on birth, established equality before law and secured the right to property.
(b) He divided the administrative divisions.
(c) He abolished the feudal system and free peasants from serfdom and dues.
(d) He removed guild restrictions in the towns.
(e) He improved transport and communication systems.
(f) Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen were given freedom.
(g) he introduced uniform laws, standardised weight and measures.
(h) He introduced a common national currency.
(i) His code was applicable to regions under French control to create a feeling of oneness among all people of the French empire.

Junkers, in Prussia, the large land owning class.

The middle class lost its support after the failure of the Frankfurt Parliament because they resisted the demands of the workers and the artisans.

Das volk is a German word meaning common people.

Duck Metternich hosted the Congress of Vienna in 1815.

Elle was the measure of cloth. It was different for each of the 39 states of German confederation.

The following were the reasons that led to the rise of revolutionaries after the establishment of conservative regimes in Europe after 1815.
(a) During the years following 1815, the conservative regimes began curbing activities that questioned the legitimacy of the autocratic governments in Europe.
(b) Criticism and dissent was not tolerated.
(c) Censorship was imposed to control the spread of the ideas like liberty and freedom.
(d) Freedom of expression was curbed as thinkers were not allowed to raise their views.
(e) But for the liberal nationalists the memory of the French Revolutions continued to inspire and they began to carry their opposition secretly and formed secret societies to spread the ideas of nationalism and train the revolutionaries.

During the early nineteenth century, Europe was closely allied to the ideology of liberalism. Two economic obstacles that the liberal-nationalists wanted to overcome were:
(a) Restricted movement of goods and capital;.
(b) Existence of countless small principalities and different currencies, weights and measures.
These barriers created obstacles to economic exchange and growth of the new commercial classes. To sort out this problem, a customs union called zollverein was formed by Prussia in 1834 along with most of the German states. The following steps were taken to resolve this issue:
(i) Tariff barriers were abolished.
(ii) Number of currencies operating were reduced to two.
(iii) A network of railways was created for harnessing economic interests.