(i) NarmadaBachao Andolan or save Narmada Movement is a Non-Governmental organisation (NGO).
(ii) It mobilised the tribal people, farmers, environmentalists and human rights activist against the Sardar Sarovar dam being built across the Narmada river in Gujarat.
(iii) It originally focused on the environmental issues related to trees that would be submerged under the dam water.
(iv) Recently it has re-focused the aim to enable poor citizens especially the displaced people to get full rehabilitation facilities from the government.

(i) In the semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan, particularly in Bikaner, Phalods and Barmer almost all the houses traditionally had underground tanks or Tankas.
(ii) It was used for storing drinking water.
(iii) The Tankas could be as large as a big room.
(iv) The Tankas were part of the well-developed rooftop rainwater harvesting system.
(v) They were connected to the sloping of roofs of the houses through a pipe.
(vi) Rain falling on the rooftops would travel down the pipe and got stored in underground tankas.
(vii) It was extremely reliable source of drinking water especially in summer.

(a) Post-independent India witnessed intensive industrialization and urbanization, creating vast opportunities.
(b) The ever-increasing number of industries has made matters worse by exerting pressure on existing freshwater resources.
(c) Industries, being heavy users of water, also required power to run them.
(d) Moreover, multiplying urban centres with large and dense populations and urban lifestyles have not only added to water and energy requirements but have further aggravated the problem.
(e) The housing societies or colonies in the cities have their own groundwater pumping devices to meet their water needs beyond their requirements.
(f) The fragile water resources are being overexploited and have caused their depletion in several of these cities.

Four examples of hydraulic structures in India developed in ancient times are:
(i) For channelling the floodwater of Ganga, water harvesting system was built near Allahabad in the first century B.C.
(ii) Dams, lakes and irrigation systems were built during the time of Chandragupta Maurya.
(iii) Sophisticated irrigation systems were found in Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Maharashtra.
(iv) In the 11^th century, Bhopal Lake, one of the largest artificial lakes of its time, was built.
(v) The tank in Hauz Khas, Delhi was constructed by Iltutmish for supplying water to Siri Fort area in the 14^th century.

Water conservation is essential mainly:
(i) To protect ourselves from health hazards.
(ii) For sustained food production.
(iii) For preservation of natural ecosystem.
(iv) For continued livelihood and other human activities.
We can conserve water by constructing hydraulic structures such as
(a) Dams
(b) Reservoirs or lakes
(c) Embankments and canals for irrigation

Water conservation is essential mainly:
(i) To protect ourselves from health hazards.
(ii) For sustained food production.
(iii) For preservation of natural ecosystem.
(iv) For continued livelihood and other human activities.
We can conserve water by constructing hydraulic structures such as
(a) Dams
(b) Reservoirs or lakes
(c) Embankments and canals for irrigation

Water conservation is essential mainly:
(i) To protect ourselves from health hazards.
(ii) For sustained food production.
(iii) For preservation of natural ecosystem.
(iv) For continued livelihood and other human activities.
We can conserve water by constructing hydraulic structures such as
(a) Dams
(b) Reservoirs or lakes
(c) Embankments and canals for irrigation

It is regarding the diversion of more water at Koyna by the Maharashtra Government for a multi-purpose project. This would reduce downstream flow in their states with adverse consequences for agriculture and industry.

(a) To conserve and store water
(b) For recharging ground water
(c) For domestic usage
(d) For irrigating crops

(i) The dams were constructed to control floods but it has triggered floods due to sedimentation in the reservoir and due to dam failure. Release of water from dams during heavy rains aggravated the flood situation in Maharashtra and Gujarat in 2006.
(ii) Multi-purpose projects induced earthquakes, caused waterborne diseases and pollution resulting from excessive use of water.

(a) Scarcity of water: Due to high population, increasing urbanization and rising standard of living, there is a growing scarcity of water felt all over India.
(b) Use of degraded water: In many areas, people are forced to drink and use polluted water which causes various water borne diseases.
(c) Lowering the water table: Increased use of tube wells in recent years has lowered the water table and has caused depletion of underground water resources.
(d) Inadequate supply water for irrigation, Two third of the cropped area in India is still rain-fed, which is uncertain and irregular which affects agriculture.

(i) All water that is used primarily ends up in the sea. From there, it enters the hydrological cycle in the form of water vapour. Freshwater is renewed by this cycle when precipitation occurs. Hence, water is a renewable resource.
(ii) Water scarcity or water stress occurs when availability is not enough to match the demand for water. It is caused by an increase in population, growing demand for water, and unequal access to it.
(iii) Multipurpose river projects help in irrigation, electricity production, flood control, inland navigation and fish breeding. However, the reservoirs destroy local flora and fauna. Many native villages are submerged, and people lose their livelihood, with little or no hope of rehabilitation.

(i) All water that is used primarily ends up in the sea. From there, it enters the hydrological cycle in the form of water vapour. Freshwater is renewed by this cycle when precipitation occurs. Hence, water is a renewable resource.
(ii) Water scarcity or water stress occurs when availability is not enough to match the demand for water. It is caused by an increase in population, growing demand for water, and unequal access to it.
(iii) Multipurpose river projects help in irrigation, electricity production, flood control, inland navigation and fish breeding. However, the reservoirs destroy local flora and fauna. Many native villages are submerged, and people lose their livelihood, with little or no hope of rehabilitation.

Water becomes a renewable resource through the hydrological cycle. Freshwater is mainly obtained from the surface runoff and groundwater is continually being renewed and recharged through the hydrological cycle.