(i) Application of gibberellins on plants stimulate extraordinary elongation of internode. E.g: Corn and Pea.
(ii) Treatment of rosette plants with gibberellin induces sudden shoot elongation followed by flowering. This is called bolting.
(iii) Gibberellins promote the production of male flowers in monoecious plants (Cucurbits).
(iv) Gibberellins break dormancy of Potato tubers.
(v) Gibberellins are efficient than auxins in inducing the formation of seedless fruit - Parthenocarpic fruits (Development of fruits without fertilization) E.g: Tomato.

The reproductive period is marked by characteristic events repeated almost every month in physiologically normal woman (28 days with minor variation) in the form of a menstrual flow
The menstrual cycle consists of 4 phases:
(i) Menstrual or Destructive phase 
(ii) Follicular or Proliferative Phase
(iii) Ovulatory Phase
(iv) Luteal or Secretory Phase 

A human brain is formed of three main parts:
(a) forebrain
(b) midbrain and
(c) hindbrain.
(1) Forebrain:
A. Cerebrum(cortex)
B. Diencephalon
i) Thalamus ii) Hypothalamus
(2) Midbrain
(3) Hindbrain:
A. Cerebellum
B. Pons
C. Medulla Oblongata

WBC's are colourless and nucleated cells. Granulocytes contain granules in their cytoplasm. Agranulocytes do not contain granules in their cytoplasm, So they are classified as Granulocytes and Agranulocytes.
Granulocytes: Granulocytes contain granules in their cytoplasm. They are of three types.
(i) Neutrophils:
i) They are large in size and have a 2-7 lobed nucleus.
ii) These corpuscles form 60% - 65% of the total leucocytes.
iii) Their number are increased during infection and inflammation.
(ii) Eosinophils:
i) Eosinophils has a bilobed nucleus and constitute 2% - 3% of the total leucocytes.
ii) Their number increases during conditions of allergy and parasitic infections.
iii) It brings about detoxification of toxins.
(iii) Basophils:
i) Basophils have lobed nucleus.
ii) They form 0.5% - 1.0 % of the total leucocytes. 
iii) They release chemicals during the process of inflammation.
(iv) Agranulocytes:
i) Granules are found in the cytoplasm of these cells.
ii) The Agranulocytes are of two types:
(i) Lymphocytes:
i) These are about 20 - 25% of the total leucocytes.
ii) They produce antibodies during bacterial and viral infections.
(ii) Monocytes:
i) They are the largest of the leucocytes and are amoeboid in shape.
ii) These cells form 5 - 6% of the total leucocytes.
iii) They are phagocytic and can engulf bacteria.

The 3 stages of erobic respiration are Glycolysis, Krebs cycle and Electron Transport Chain.
(a) Glycolysis (Glucose splitting):
(i) Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell.
(ii) It is the breakdown of one molecule of glucose (6 carbon) into two molecules of Pyruvic acid (3 carbon).
(b) Krebs Cycle:
(i) This cycle occurs in mitochondrial matrix.
(ii) At the end of glycolysis, 2 molecules of pyruvic acid enter into mitochondria.
(iii) The oxidation of pyruvic acid into CO₂ and water takes place.
(iv) It is also called Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TAC).
(c) Electron Transport Chain:
(i) NADH₂ and FADH₂ molecules formed during glycolysis and Krebs cycle are oxidised to NAD⁺ and FAD⁺ to release the energy through electrons.
(ii) These electrons move through the electron transport chain and release energy.
(iii) This energy is used by ADP to synthesize ATP.
(iv) This is called oxidative phosphorylation.
(v) In this process O₂ gets reduced to water.
(vi) \(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{12} \mathrm{O}_{6}+6 \mathrm{O}_{2} \rightarrow 6 \mathrm{CO}_{2}+6 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}+\mathrm{ATP}\)

Reflection of sound waves:
(i) When sound waves travel in a given medium, and strikes the surface of another medium, they can bounce back into the first medium.
(ii) This phenomenon is known as reflection.
a) Reflection at the boundary of a rarer medium:
(i) Consider a wave travelling in a solid medium striking on the interface between the solid and the air.
(ii) The compression exerts a force F on the surface of the rarer medium.
(iii) As a rarer medium has smaller resistance for any deformation, the surface of separation is pushed backwards (Figure).
(iv) As the particles of the rarer medium are free to move, a rarefaction is produced at the interface.
(v) Thus, a compression is reflected as a rarefaction and a rarefaction travels from right to left.
b) Reflection at the boundary of a denser medium
(i) A longitudinal wave travels in a medium in the form of compressions and rare factions.
(ii) Suppose a compression travelling in air from left to right reaches a rigid wall. The compression exerts a force F on the rigid wall.
(iii) In turn, the wall exerts an equal and opposite reaction R = - F on the air molecules. This results in a compression near the rigid wall.
(iv) Thus, a compression travelling towards the rigid wall is reflected back as a compression. That is, the direction of compression is reversed.

c) Reflection of sound in plane and curved surfaces:
(i) When sound waves are reflected from curved surfaces, the intensity of reflected waves is changed.
(ii) When reflected from a convex surface, the reflected waves are diverged out and the intensity is decreased.
(iii) When sound is reflected from a concave surface, the reflected waves are converged and focused at a point. So the intensity of reflected waves is concentrated at a point.
(iv) Parabolic surfaces are used when it is required to focus the sound at a particular point.
(v) Hence, many halls are designed with parabolic reflecting surfaces.
(vi) In elliptical surfaces, sound from one focus will always be reflected to the other focus no matter where it strikes the wall.

(i) Newton's First law: Newton's first law states that, everybody continues to be in its state of rest or the state of uniform motion along a straight line unless it is acted upon by some external force.
(ii) Newton's second law of motion: Newton's second law states that, the force acting on an object is directly proportional to the rate of change of linear momentum of the object and the change in momentum takes place in the direction of force.
(iii) Newton's third law of motion: Newton's third law states that, for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. They always act on two different bodies.

Given:
\(\mathrm{f}=-15 \mathrm{~cm}, \mathrm{u}=-10 \mathrm{~cm}, \mathrm{v}=?, \mathrm{~h}=3 \mathrm{~cm} \)
\(\frac{1}{f} =\frac{1}{v}-\frac{1}{u}  \Rightarrow \frac{1}{v}-\frac{1}{u} =\frac{1}{f} \)
\(\frac{1}{v} =\frac{1}{f}+\frac{1}{u}  \)

\(\frac{1}{v}=\frac{-5}{30}=-\frac{1}{6} \)
\(v=-6 \mathrm{~cm} \)
Size of the image:
Magnification \(=\frac{+v}{u} \quad\left(m=\frac{h^{\prime}}{h}\right)  \)
\(\frac{h^{\prime}}{h} =\frac{-v}{u}  \)
\(\frac{h^{\prime}}{3} =\frac{-6}{-10}=0.6  \)
\(h^{\prime} =0.6 \times 3=1.8 \mathrm{~cm}\)
Size of the image =1.8 cm

Aim:
To measure real and apparent expansion of liquid.
Apparatus Required:
a) Round bottomed flask, a narrow glass tube with a scale, burner.
Procedure:
b) The liquid whose real and apparent expansion is to be determined is poured in a container up to a level.
c) Mark this level as L₁.
d) Now, heat the container and the liquid using a burner.
e) Initially, the container receives the thermal energy and it expands.
f) As a result, the volume of the liquid appears to have reduced.
g) Mark this reduced level of liquid as L₂.
h) On further heating, the thermal energy is supplied to the liquid through the container results in the expansion of the liquid.
i) Hence, the level of liquid rises to L₃
j) Now, the difference between the levels L₁ and L₃ is called apparent expansion. Apparent expansion = L₃ - L₁.
k) The difference between the levels L₂ and L₃ is called real expansion. Real expansion = L₃ - L₂.
Result:
The real expansion is always more than the apparent expansion.

(i) 'A' is copper sulphate pentahydrate (CuSO₄.5H₂O).
(ii) 'B' is Anhydrous copper sulphate (CuSO₄)

(i) Dilute or concentrated nitric acid renders aluminum passive.
(ii) It does not attack aluminium but it forms oxide film on its surface.

(i) 
(ii) IUPAC name - Butane-2-ol (or) 2-Butanol.
(iii) The compound is saturated, because these compounds are do not decolourize with bromine water.