Evolution of MNC:
i) Like, the East India Company, which came to India as a trading company and then its net throughout the country to become politically dominant, these multinationals first start their activities in extractive industries or control raw materials in the host countries during 1920s and then slowly entered.
ii) In to the manufacturing and service sectors after 1950s. Most of the MNC's at present belong to the four major exporting countries viz., USA, UK, France, Germany. However, the largest is American. 11 of the 15 largest multinationals are Americans.
iii) Multi National Corporation (MNC) is a corporate organization which owns or controls production of goods or services in at least one country other than its home country.
Advantages of MNC:
i) Producing the same quality of goods at lower cost and without transaction cost
ii) MNC reduce prices and increase the purchasing power of consumers world wide.
iii) MNC is able to take advantage of tax variation.
iv) Spurring job growth in the local economies
Disadvantages of MNC:
i) MNCs are a way for the corporations to develop a monopoly for certain products.
ii) They are also a detrimental effect on the environment.
iii) The introduction of MNC may lead to the downfall of smaller, local business.
iv) MNC breach ethical standards, accusing them of evading ethical laws and leveraging their business agenda with capital.

Synopsis:
a) Expenditure Approach
b) The income Approach period.
c) Value added Approach
a. Expenditure Approach:
In this method GDP is measured by adding the expenditure on all the final goods and services produced in the country during a specific period.
Y= C + I + G + (X - M)
b. The income Approach:
In this method GDP is calculated from the perspective of the earnings of the men and women who are involved in producing goods and services.
Y = wages + rent + interest + profit
c. Value added Approach:-
In this method GDP is calculated by including the values of intermediate goods to estimate the value of final goods.

The Chief Minister is the real executive head of the state administration. He has the following powers and functions.
Relating to the Council of Ministers:
i) The Chief Minister recommends the persons who can be appointed as ministers by Governor.
ii) He allocates the portfolios among the ministers.
iii) He shuffles and reshuffles his ministry.
iv) He presides over the meetings of the Council of Ministers and influences its decisions
v) He guides, directs, controls and coordinates the activities of all the Ministers.
Relating to the Governor:
He advises the Governor in relation to the appointment of the following officials:
i) Advocate General of the State,
ii) State Election Commissioner.
iii) Chairman and Members of the State Public Service Commission
iv) Chairman and Members of the State Planning Commission.
v) Chairman and Members of the State Finance Commission
Relating to State Legislature:
i) The Chief Minister advises the Governor with regard to the summoning and proroguing the sessions of the State Legislature.
ii) He announces the government policies on the floor of the House,
iii) He can introduce the bills in the Legislative Assembly.
iv) He can recommend for the dissolution of the Legislative Assembly to the Governor any time.

Article 78 mentioned the duties of the Prime Minister
1. The Prime Minister decides the rank of his Ministers and distributes various departments
2. The Prime Minister decides the dates and the agenda of the meeting of the Cabinet which he presides.
3. The Prime Minister informally consults two or three of his senior colleagues when he does not convene a Cabinet meeting.
4. The Prime Minister supervises the work of various ministers.
5. To converse to the President all decisions of the Council of Ministers connecting tothe government of the affairs of the union and proposals for legislation.
6. The Prime Minister acts as the link between the President and the Council of Ministers.
7. The Prime Minister is the leader of the nation and chief spokeperson of the country.
8. The Prime Minister represents our nation at all international conferences like the Common wealth, Summit of the Non Aligned Nations and SAARC nations.

i) It is the lengthiest of all the written Constitutions of the world.
ii) It has borrowed most of the provisions from the Constitutions of various countries.
iii) It is partly rigid and partly flexible.
iv) It establishes a federal system of government.
v) It makes India as a secular state.
vi) It provides an independent judiciary.
vii) It introduces Universal Adult Franchise and accords the right to vote to all citizens above 18 years of age without any discrimination

i) The use of satellite in getting a continuous and synoptic view of larger area has made this communication system very vital for the country.
ii) Satellite images are used for weather forecasting, monitoring of natural calamities, surveillance of border areas, etc.
iii) The communication through satellites emerged as a new era in communication in our country after the establishment of Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) in 1969.
Two types:
Satellite system in India can be grouped into two-the Indian National Satellite System (INSAT) and the Indian Remote Sensing Satellite System (IRS).
Satellites :
i) The INSAT, established in 1983, is a multipurpose system for telecommunication, meteorological observation and for various other programs.
ii) The INSAT series are used for relaying signals to television, telephone, radio, mobile phone.
iii) It is also useful in weather detection, internet and military applications.
iv) The INSAT series, GSAT series, KALPANA-1, HAMSAT and EDUSAT are the major communication satellite used for communication purpose.
v) GSAT-7A is the recent launch (December 19, 2018) for communication programs. INSAT-IB launched on 30^th August 1983 is the first communication satellite in INSAT series.

Concentration of jute industry in hoogly:
(i) Raw material: Hoogly is very near to the areas of jute cultivation.
(ii) Transport: The waters of Hoogly provide inexpensive transport facilities and there is a good network of railways and roadways.
(iii) Water: There is the abundant water supply for processing of jute.
(iv) Labour: Cheap labour is easily available from West Bengal, Odisha, and Bihar.
(v) Kolkata: The developed urban city provides banking, insurance, and port facilities for export.

(i) Multipurpose Project is a scientific management of water resources in our country. Construction of dam across rivers is aimed at many purposes.
(ii) The various purposes of a dam serves are irrigation, hydro power generation, water supply for drinking and industrial purpose, controlling floods, development of fisheries,navigation,etc. Irrigation and hydro-power are the major aims of the projects.
Two import river valley projects (Multipurpose projects):
Bhakra Nangal project:
i) Bhakra Nangal project is constructed across the river Sutlej.
ii) It is the highest gravity dam in India.
iii) The states of Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan are benefited by this project.
Hirakud project:
i) Hirakud project is constructed across the river Mahanadi in Odisha.
ii) This is the longest dam in the world.
iii) The state benefited by this project is Odisha.

i) The Southwest Monsoon is the most significant feature of the Indian Climate.
ii) The onset of the Southwest Monsoon takes place normally over the southern tip of the country by the first week of June, advances along the Konkan coast in early June and covers the whole country by 15^th July.
iii) The sudden approach of monsoon wind over south India with lightning and thunder is termed as the 'break' or 'burst of monsoon'.
iv) The monsoon wind strikes against the southern tip of Indian landmass and gets divided into two branches.
a) Arabian Sea branch
b) Bay of Bengal branch
The Arabian Sea branch:
i) It gives heavy rainfall to west coast of India as it is located in the windward side of the Western Ghats.
ii) The other part which advances towards north is obstructed by Himalayan Mountains and results in heavy rainfall in north.
iii) As Aravalli Mountain is located parallel to the wind direction, Rajasthan and Western part do not get much rainfall from this branch.
Bay of Bengal branch:
i) The wind from Bay of Bengal branch moves towards northeast India and Myanmar.
ii) This wind is trapped by a chain of mountains namely Garo, Khasi and Jaintia which are mainly responsible for the heaviest rainfall caused at Mawsynram located in Meghalaya.
iii)Later on this wind it travels towards west which results in decrease in rainfall from east to west.
iv) Over all about 75% of Indian rainfall is received from this monsoon.

i) The rivers in south India are called the Peninsular rivers.
ii) Most of these rivers originate from the Western Ghats.
iii) These are seasonal rivers (non-perennial).
iv) They have a large seasonal fluctuation in volume of water as they are solely fed by rain.
v) These rivers flow in valleys with steep gradients.
vi) Based on the direction of flow, the peninsular rivers are divided into the West flowing and East flowing rivers.
East flowing rivers
a) Mahanadi:
i) The river Mahanadi (851 km) originates near Sihawa in Raipur district of Chattisgarh and flows through Odisha. Seonath, Telen, Sandur, Ib are its major tributaries.
ii) Delta of Mahanadi is one of the largest deltas in India.
b) Godavari
i) Godavari(1,465 km) is the longest of the Peninsular rivers. It is also called Vridha Ganga.
ii) It flows through the states of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh and joins the Bay of Bengal.
iii) Purna, Penganga, Pranitha, Indravathi, Tal & Salami are its major tributaries.
c) Krishna
i) The river Krishna (1,400 km) originates from a spring at a place called Mahabaleshwar in the Western Ghats of Maharashtra. Peddavagu, Musi, Koyna & Tungabhadra are its major tributaries.
ii) It is the second longest Peninsular river.
iii) It flows through Andhra Pradesh and joins the Bay of Bengal, at Hamsaladeevi.
d) Kaveri
i) The river Kaveri (800 km) originates at Tala kaveri, Kodagu hills of Karnataka.
ii) The river Kaveri is called Dhakshin Ganga or Ganga of south.
iii) The Kaveri breaks at Srirangam island with two channels, river Coleroon (Kollidam) and Kaveri.
iv)  At last, it empties in to the Bay of Bengal at Poompuhar.
West flowing rivers
a) Narmada
i) "The river Narmada (1,312 km) rises in Amarkantak Plateau in Madhya Pradesh. Burhner,Halon, Heran, Banjar, Dudhi, Shakkar, Tawa, Barna, Kolar are its tributaries.
ii) It is the largest among the west flowing rivers of Peninsular India.
iii) It forms 27 km long estuary before out falling into the Arabian sea through the Gulf of Cambay.
b) Tapti
 i) It is one of only the three rivers in Peninsular India that run from east to west- the others being the Narmada and the Mahi.
 ii) It outfalls into the Arabian Sea through the Gulf of Cambay.
 iii) Vaki, Gomai, Arunavati, Aner, Nesu, Buray, Panjhra, Bori are its tributariesaki.

English education:
i) English education introduced with the objective of producing clerks also produced a new English educated middle class.
ii) This class came under the influence of western ideas and thoughts.
Role of Christianity:
i) Christianity also had its effect on the newly emerging middle class.
ii) The educated middle class began to take a lead in political as well as in reform movements.
Western ideas:
i) The Indian reformers were quite hesitant to subject their old notions and habits to critical scrutiny. Instead they attempted to harmonize both Indian and western cultures.
ii)Their ideas and their actions helped to mitigate social evils such as sati, female infanticide and child marriage and various superstitious beliefs.
Role of scholars and writers:
i) The scholars and writers were an inspiration for the people towards the reform movements.
ii) As the society was having a number of evil practices like sati, child marriage and polygamy there was an urgent need for reform in the society.
iii) These were the circumstances that led to the reform movement in the 19^th century.

Arab-Israeli War 1967:
i) Ever since the formation of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), Israel came to be attacked frequently by Palestinian guerrilla groups based in Syria, Lebanon and Jordan
ii) Israeli also resorted to violent reprisals.
iii) In November 1966 an Israeli strike on the village of Al-Samu in the Jordanian West Bank, left 18 dead and 54 wounded
iv) Israeli's air battle with Syria in April 1967 ended in the shooting down six Syrian MIG fighter jets.
v) Nasser mobilised Egyptian forces in the Sinai in support of Syria.
vi) On May 22 he closed the Gulf of Aqaba to Israeli shipping.
vii) King Hussein of Jordan signed a mutual defence pact with Egypt.
viii) Accordingly, it was decided to place Jordanian forces under Egyptian command. Soon, Iraq too joined the alliance. 
Arab-Israeli War 1973:
i) Egypt and Syria under Presidents Anwar Sadat and Hafez al-Assad respectively concluded a secret agreement in January 1973 to bring their armies under one command.
ii) Sadat offered the Israelis a peace deal, if they withdrew from Sinai.
iii) The Israel rejected the offer. Egypt and Syria launched a sudden and surprise attack on the Yom Kippur religious holiday (6 October 1973).
iv) Though Israel suffered heavy casualties it could finally pushed back the Arab forces.
vi) Arabs gained nothing out of this war too.
vii) By way of mediation, the US succeeded in asserting its hegemony over the region and its oil.

i) World War II began in 1939 and ended in 1945.
ii) In World War II, had an extensive area of conflict and very high death toll of civilians as well as armed combatants.
New geo-political power Alignment:
i) The world was polarized into two main blocs led by superpowers:
a) United States (Anti communist ideology)
b) Soviet Russia (Communist ideology)
ii) Europe was divided into,
a) Communist
b) Non-Communist
Nuclear Proliferation:
i) The United States and the Soviet Union entered into a race to have more nuclear powered weapons. They built a large stockpile of such weapons.
ii) Defence spending sky-rocketed in many countries.
International Agencies:
i) Many international agencies, in particular the United Nations, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund came into existence providing a forum for countries large and small.
Social and Economic changes:
i) Social and Economic changes took place in the post-war world.
ii) Colonial powers were forced to give independence to former colonies in a process of decolonization. India was the first to achieve Independence.

i) The decolonization process started in India from the beginning of the twentieth century with the launch of the Swadeshi Movement in 1905.
ii) The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 brought about rapid political as well as economic changes.
iii) In 1919, the Government of India Act introduced Dyarchy that provided for elected provincial assemblies as well as for Indian ministers to hold certain portfolios under Transferred Subjects.
iv) The Indian National Congress rejected the arrangements under Dyarchy and decided to boycott the legislature.
Lack of measures to industrialised India:
i) There was no change in the colonial economic policy.
ii) But in the case of indigenous industries, support was only in the form of providing technical advice and education.
iii) Even this policy was soon abandoned as many British enterprises were opposed to this.
Impact of Depression on Indian Agriculture:
i) The value of farm produced, declined by half. But the land rent to be paid by the peasants remained unchanged.
ii) In terms of prices of agricultural commodities, the obligation of the farmers to the state doubled.
iii) The great fall in price prompted Indian nationalists to demand protection for the internal economy.
Government of India Act, 1935:
i) To appease the Indian nationalists The Government of India Act was passed.
ii) Elections were conducted and the Indian National Congress won a resounding in most of the provinces.
iii) The decision of Britain to involve in the Second World War, without consulting the Congress ministries forced the latter to resign from office.

a) Germany was found guilty of starting the War and therefore was to pay reparations for the losses suffered. All Central Powers were directed to pay war indemnity.
b) The German army was to be limited to 1,00,000 men. A small navy was allowed.
c) The union of Austria and Germany was forbidden.
d) All German colonies became mandated territories under the League of Nations.
e) Germany was forced to revoke the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (with Russia) and Bucharest (Bulgaria).
f) Alsace-Lorraine was returned to France.
g) The former Russian territories of Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were to be independent.
h) Northern Schleswig was given to Denmark and some small districts to Belgium.
i) Poland was recreated.
j) The Rhineland was to be occupied by the Allies. The area on the east bank of the Rhine was to be demilitarized.