Education:
i) Industries require skilled human resources.
ii) The state gives much importance to primary education to promote literacy and basic arithmetic skills, the state supplies vast technical human resources
iii) There are a number of engineering colleges, polytechnics and Industrial Training Centres
Infrastructure:
i) The widespread electrification has contributed to the spread of industries in smaller towns and villages
ii) Tamil Nadu is known for its excellent transport infrastructure It has a network of minor roads which connect rural parts of the state to nearby towns and cities
iii) Rural to urban connectivity is facilitated by public and private transport system,
Industrial promotion:
i) Active policy efforts have been made to promote specific sectors and also industrialisation in specific regions.
ii) Policies have been formulated to promote specific sectors like automobile, auto-components, bio-technology and information and communication.
iii) Several industrial promotion agencies have been put in place to provide supporting infrastructure to both large and small enterprises.

i. Black money is funds earned on the black market on which income and other taxes have not been paid.
ii. The unaccounted money that is concealed from the tax administrator is called black money
Causes of Black money:
Several sources of black money are identified as causes
a) Shortage of goods
b) Licensing proceeding
c) Contribution of the industrial sector
d) Smuggling
e) Tax structure

OPEC:
i) It is a group of oil producing nations (i.e. Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia).
ii) Its membership is open to any country that exports crude oil.
OPEC'S mission:
i) To co-ordinate oil policies in its member countries.
ii) Help stabilise oil markets.
iii) To secure fair and stable income to petroleum producers.
iv) An efficient, economic and regular supply of oil to consuming nations.
v) A fair return on capital to those investing in the petroleum industry.
Helps other countries:
i) It helps finance projects with low interests loans.
ii) It provides grants to social and humanitarian projects.
iii) It has an Information centre with over 20,000 volumes including books, reports map and conference proceedings related to petroleum, energy and the oil market.
iv) It is open to the public and for the rescarchers and students.

i) Preservation of national interest.
ii) Achievement of world peace.
iii) Disarmament.
iv) Fostering cordial relationship with other countries.
v) Solving conflicts by peaceful means.
vi) Independence of thought and action as per the principle of NAM.
vii) Equality in conducting international relations
viii) Anti-colonialism, anti-imperialism anti-racism.
Policy of Disarmament:
i) Since independence, global non-proliferation has been a dominant theme of India's nuclear policy
ii) So India supported UN disarmament programme.
iii) Indian nuclear programme in 1974 and 1998 is only done for strategic purposes.
iv) The two themes of India's nuclear doctrine are
v) No first use
vi) Credible minimum deterrence
vii) It has decided not to use nuclear power for offensive purposes and would never use against any non-nuclear state.
viii) Indo-US civilian nuclear deal marks a significant progress in India's foreign policy.

Roadways:
i) The State has a total road length of 167,000 km, in which 60,628 km are maintained by state Highways Department.
ii) It ranks second in India with a share of over 20% in total road projects under operation in the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model.
Railways:
i) The present Southern Railway network extends over a large area of India's southern peninsula.
ii) The headquarters of Southern Railway is at Chennai.
iii) Chennai has a well-established suburban railway network, a Mass Rapid Transport System (MRTS).
iv) It is currently developing a Metro system, with its first underground stretch in operation since May 2017.
Airways:
i) Tamil Nadu has four major international airports.
ii) Chennai International Airport is currently the third largest airport in India after Mumbai and Delhi.
iii) Other international airports in Tamil Nadu include Coimbatore, Madurai and Tiruchirapalli airports.
iv) It also has domestic airports at Tuticorin and Salem connecting several parts of the country.
Waterways:
i) Tamil Nadu has three major ports. They are in Chennai, Ennore and Tuticorin.
ii) It has an intermediate port at Nagapattinam and 15 minor ports. Chennai port is the second principal port in the country for handling containers.

Types of soil:
1. Alluvial soil
2. Black soil
3. Red soil
4. Laterite soil
5. Saline soil
1. Alluvial soil :
Characteristics : Alluvial soils are formed by the deposition of silt by the rivers. It is found in the river valley regions and the coastal plains of Tamil Nadu.
Crops cultivated: Paddy, sugarcane, banana and turmeric.
Distribution: Generally this type of soil is found in the districts of Thanjavur, Tiruvarur, Nagapattinam, Villupuram, Cuddalore, Tirunelveli and Kanyakumari. It is also found to a small extent along the river valleys in few interior districts
2. Black soil:
Formation: Black soil are formed by weathering of igneous rocks.
Characteristics : It is fine textured and clayey in nature. It is poor in phosphoric acid, nitrogen and organic matter.
Creps cultivated: Cotton, Sorghum, Cumbu and fodder crops.
Distributions: It is found in Coimbatore, Madurai, Virudhunagr, Tirunelveli and Thoothukudi districts.
3. Red soil:
Characteristics : This soil is sandy and loamy in texture. Red soil is porous, friable and non-retentative of moisture
Crops cultivated: Paddy, ragi, tobacco and vegetables.
Distribution: It is found in Sivagangai and Ramanathapuram districts.
4. Laterite soil:
Formation: It is formed by the process of intense leaching.
Crops cultivated: Paddy, ginger, pepper, plantains, coffee and tea.
Distribution: Kancheepuram, Tiruvallur, Thanjavur and Nilgiris districts.
5. Saline soil :
It is confined to the Coromandel coast. Vedaranyam has a pocket of saline soil.

Periyar E.V. Ramasamy was the founder of the Self-Respect Movement.
Caste based:
a) The Self-Respect Movement introduced a programme of non-Brahmin uplift in Tamil Nadu.
b)The Movement criticized Brahminism and the cultural hegemony of the Brahmins.
c) It advocated a casteless society devoid of rituals and differences based on birth..
d) The movement declared rationality and self-respect as the birthright of all human beings.
Through newspapers:
a) Periyar started a number of newspapers like Kudi Arasu, Revolt, Puratchi and Viduthalai.
b) He expressed his opinion on social issues in each of its issues.
Education:
a) He stressed on compulsory elementary education to all.
b) He opposed the introduction of Kula Kalvi Thittam.
Anti Hindi Stance:
a) Periyar took an anti-Hindi stance.
b) He was against the introduction of Hindi in schools.
Periyar on religion:
a) Periyar opposed superstitions.
b) He advocated intercaste and self respect marriages.
d) He fought for the temple entry of untouchables.
Periyar, a Feminist:
a) He was critical of patriarchy. He condemned child-marriage and the devadasi system.
b) He believed that property rights for women would provide them a social status and protection.
c) He welcomed equal rights for males and females in property, guardianship and adoption.
d) Periyar's Self Respect Movement worked for emancipation of women.

a) Salt March to Vedaranyam:
i) Tamil Nadu was in the forefront of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
ii) Rajaji organised and led a salt satyagraha march to Vedaranyam
iii) The march started from Tiruchirappalli on 13 April, 1930 and reached Vedaranyam in Thanjavur district on 28 April.
iv) A special song was composed for the march by Namakkal V. Ramalinganar.
v) Despite a brutal crackdown by the police, the marching satyagrahis were provided a warm reception along the route.
vi) On reaching Vedaranyam 12 volunteers under the leadership of Rajaji broke the salt law by picking up salt.
vii) Rajaji was arrested, T.S.S. Rajan, Rukmini Lakshmipathi, Sardar Vedarathanam, C. Swaminathar and K. Santhanam were among the prominent leaders who participated in the Vedaranyam Salt Satyagraha.
b) Widespread agitations in Tamil districts:
i) The Satyagrahis under the leadership of T. Prakasam and K. Nageswara Rao set up a camp at Udayavanam near Madras. However, the police arrested them.
ii) It led to a hartal in Madras.
iii) Volunteers who attempted to offer salt Satyagraha in Rameshwaram were arrested.
iv) Mill workers struck work across the province.
v) Women participated enthusiastically.
vi) Rukmani Lakshmipathi was the first woman to pay penalty for violation of salt laws.
vii) Police used brutal force to suppress the movement.

i) The Khilafat committee meeting in Allahabad on 9 June 1920 adopted Gandhi's non-violent, non-cooperation programme.
ii) The 1920s saw a series of communal riots between the Hindus and the Muslims.
iii) Hindu Mahasabha was gaining in popularity under Madan Mohan Malaviya and the Muslim League under the Ali brothers.
iv) Serious efforts by Gandhi and Muhammad Ali Jinnah who at that time believed Swaraj was possible only with Hindu-Muslim unity, failed to stem the communal riots.
v) Jinnah proposed an amendment to the reservation of seats in the central legislature.
vi) He demanded that one-third of the seats be reserved for Muslims.
vii) He proposed a resolution which came to be known as Jinnah's fourteen points. However it was also rejected.
viii) Jinnah demanding separate state for Muslims revived the Muslim League in 1934.
ix) He was one of the staunchest critics of the Congress Ministries. He declared the day when the congress ministries resigned as the "Day of Deliverance".
x) By 1940 he demanded a separate state for the Muslims. He argued that in an independent India the Muslims would lose all political power to the Hindus.
xi) The Hindu Mahasabha and the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) took a pronounced anti-Muslim stance.
xii) The British policy of divide and rule through measures such as Partition of Bengal, Communal Award, had encouraged the vested interests out to exploit the religious differences.
xiii) When the interim government was formed, only after some hesitation the Muslims joined it.
xiv) Hartals and demonstrations took place which soon turned into Hindu-Muslim conflict.
xv) So partition of India became inevitable.
xvi) On the basis of the Mount batten Plan India was partitioned into two countries and given independence.

Causes for the revolt:
i) The British had acquired the revenue districts of Salem and Dindigul under their control.
ii) The status of the Raja of Thanjavur was reduced.
iii) The nawab of Arcot was to cede five districts to the British
Grievances of the Indian soldiers:
i) The sepoys in the British Indian army nursed a strong sense of resentment over low salary and poor prospects of promotion.
ii) The English army officers' scant respect for the social and religious sentiments of the Indian Sepoys also angered them.
The New army regulations:
i) The Indian soldiers were asked not to wear caste marks or ear rings when in uniform.
ii) They were to be cleanly shaven on the chin and maintain uniformity about how their moustache looked.
Outbreak of the Revolt:
i) On 10 July 1806, in the early hours, the sepoys started the revolt.
ii) Colonel Fan Court, who commanded the garrison, was the first victim.
iii) Colonel Mekerras of the 23^rd regiment was killed next.
iv) Major Armstrong was also killed.
v) About a dozen other officers were killed within an hour or so.
Gillespie's Brutality:
i) Major Cootes, who was outside the Fort, informed Colonel Gillespie, the cavalry commandant in Arcot
ii) Gillespie reached the fort along with a squadron of cavalry under the command of Captain Young at 9.00 am.
iii) In the meantime, the rebels proclaimed Fateh Hyder, Tipu's eldest son, as their new ruler and hoisted the tiger flag of Mysore sultans in the Fort.
iv) But the uprising was swiftly crushed by Col. Gillespie, who threw to winds all war ethics.
v) In the course of suppression, according to an eyewitness account, eight hundred soldiers were found dead in the fort alone.
vi) Six hundred soldiers were kept in confinement in Tiruchirappalli and Vellore awaiting inquiry.
Consequences of Revolt :
i) Six of the rebels convicted by the Court of Enquiry were blown from the guns; five were shot dead, eight hanged.
ii) Tipu's sons were ordered to be sent to Calcutta.
iii) The officers and men engaged in the suppression of the revolt were rewarded with prize money and promotion.
iv) Col. Gillespie was given 7,000 pagodas. However, the commander-in-chief Sir John Cradock, the Adjutant General Agnew and Governor William Bentinck were held responsible for the revolt, removed from their office, and recalled to England.
v) The military regulations were treated as withdrawn.
Estimate of Revolt :
i) The Vellore Revolt failed because there was no immediate help from outside.
ii) Recent studies show that the organising part of the revolt was done perfectly by Subedars Sheik Adam and Sheik Hamid and Jamedar Sheik Hussain of the 2^nd battalion of 23^rd regiment and two Subedars and the Jamedar Sheik Kasim of the 1st battalion of the 1st regiment.
iii) Vellore Revolt had all the forebodings of the Great Rebellion of 1857.
iv) The only difference was that there was no civil rebellion following the mutiny.
v) The 1806 revolt was not confined to Vellore Fort.
vi) It had its echoes in Bellary, Walajabad, Hyderabad, Bengaluru. Nandydurg and Sankaridurg.

i) The benefits of globalization extend to all countries that will not happen automatically.
ii) The fear that globalization leads to instability in the developing world.
iii) The industrial world that increased global competition will lead in race to the bottom in wages, labour right and employment practice.
iv) It leads to global imbalance.
v) Globalization has resulted with the embarrassment
vi) Globalization has led to an increase in activities such as child labour and slavery.
vii) Consumption of more junk food that led to the degradation of health and spread of disease.
viii) Globalization has led to environmental degradation

i) India first undertook the policy of closed trade. This was to give a thrust to domestic industries and reduce dependence on foreign products and companies.
ii) Trade and interaction with the outside world remained limited.
iii) In 1991 India began to follow the policy of free trade and liberalization and allowed foreign companies to enter the Indian economy.
iv) Under Five year plans a thrust was given to employment generation. This was to give the rising population job opportunities.
v) Rural development was also given importance.
vi) Poverty alleviation came as a result of rural development and a part of the development path of India.
vii) The public sector was given significant importance.
viii) Private companies and industries were subject to strict regulations and standards.
ix) It was believed that the government was the sole protector of the people and would work towards social welfare.
x) For the two decades there has been a rise in the GDP and per capita income.
xi) India had attained the status of middle income country category
xii) The life expectancy at birth is 65 years. India has followed a different path of development from many other countries.

Jurisdiction and Powers of High Court
Original Jurisdiction:
(i) The High Courts of the Presidency towns (Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras) have both original and appellate jurisdictions, while other High Courts have mostly appellate jurisdiction.
(ii) Other High Courts have mostly appellate jurisdictions. Only in matters of admiralty, probate matrimonial and contempt of court, they have original jurisdiction.
Appellate jurisdiction:
As courts of appeal, all High courts entertain appeals in civil and criminal cases from their subordinate courts as well as on their own.
Writ Jurisdiction:
(i) Under Article 226 of the constitution, the High Courts are given powers of issuing writs not only for the enforcement of the Fundamental Rights but also for other purposes.
(ii) The High Courts issue the same type of writs as the Supreme Court. They also issue writs in cases where ordinary legal right has been infringed.
The writs issued by the High court:
(i) Habeas Corpus
(ii) Mandamus
(iii) Prohibition
(iv) Quo Warranto
(v) Certiorari
Supervisory Jurisdiction:
Supervisory Power:
High court has the power of superintendence over all courts and tribunals functioning in its territorial jurisdiction (except military courts or tribunals) Thus, it may
(i) Call for returns from them;
(ii) Prescribe forms in which books, entries, and accounts are to be kept by them; and
(iii) Settle the fees payable to the sheriff, clerks, officers and legal practitioners of them.
Control of records:
 All the decisions and decrees issued by the High Court are printed and are kept as a record
for future references by the Court as well as by the lawyers, is such a need arises. Thus, it also acts as a Court of Record.