Gillespie's Brutality :
(i) Major Cootes, who was outside the Fort, informed Colonel Gillespie, the cavalry commandant in Arcot.
(ii) Gillespie reached the fort along with a squadron of cavalry under the command of Captain Young at 9.00 am.
(iii) In the meantime, the rebels proclaimed Fateh Hyder, Tipu's eldest son, as their new ruler and hoisted the tiger flag of Mysore sultans in the Fort
(iv) But the uprising was swiftly crushed by Col. Gillespie, who threw to winds all war ethics.
(v) In the course of suppression, according to an eyewitness account, eight hundred soldiers were found dead in the fort alone.
(vi) Six hundred soldiers were kept in confinement in Tiruchirappalli and Vellore awaiting Inquiry.

A special economic zone (SEZ) is an area in which the business and trade laws are different from the rest of the country. SEZs are located within a country's national borders, and their aims include increased trade balance, employment, increased investment. job creation and effective administration.
(i) Special economic zones (SEZs) provide an internationally competitive and hassle free environment for exports. Units in SEZ manufacture goods and provide a range of services.
(ii) SEZs are located in Nanguneri, Ennore, Hosur and Perambalur.
(iii) IT & ITES SE~ named TIDEL-II and TIDEL-III and Bio-Pharmaceuticals SEZ are located in Chennai and Coimbatore SEZ called the TIDEL Park-IV is located in the city.

Leather Industry:
(i) Tamil Nadu accounts for 60% of leather tanning processes of India and 38% of all leather footwear, garments and components.
(ii) Hundreds of leather tanneries are located around Vellore and nearby towns, such as Ranipet, Ambur and Vaniyambadi. The Vellore district is the top exporter of finished leather goods in the country.
(iii) Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), a CSIR research laboratory, is located in Chennai.
Paper Industry:
(i) Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers Limited (TNPL) is a government of Tamil Nadu enterprise producing newsprint and printing and writing paper at its mill located at Kagithapuram in Karur district.
(ii) TNPL is one of the most accomplished mills in the world, producing different varieties paper of acceptable' quality primarily from bagasse and pulpwood.
(iii) Other paper mills of the state are found in Pukkathurai of Kancheepuram district, Bhavanisagar, Pallipalayam, Paramathi Vellore, Coimbatore, Udamalaipet, Thoppampatti, Nilakkotai and Cheranmahadevi.

For the management of disasters in the state, the following forces and organizations are in service.
(i) State Disaster Management Authority (Chairman -Chief Minister).
(ii) Relief/ Disaster Management Department.
(iii) Police
(iv) Forest Department
(v) Fire and Civil Defence Services
(vi) Health Services
(vii) Transport Department
(viii) Public Works Department
(ix) Veterinary Services
(x) Food & Civil Supplied Department.

(i) C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party on 1 January 1923, which was later approved by a special session of the Congress.
(ii) Swaraj Party members were elected in large numbers to the Imperial Legislative Assembly and the various Provincial Legislative Councils.
(iii) They effectively used the legislature as a platform for propagation of nationalist ideas.
(iv) In Bengal, they refused to take charge of transferred subjects, as they did not want to cooperate with the government.
(v) They exposed the true nature of the colonial government.
(vi) However, the Swaraj Party began to decline after the death of its leader C.R. Das in 1925.
(vii) Some of the Swaraj Party members began to accept government offices.
(viii) Swaraj Party withdrew from the legislatures in 1926.

a) On 8th August 1942 the Quit India resolution was passed.
b) Gandhi gave the slogan 'Do or die'.
c) Many leaders were arrested.
d) There were many instances of violence like setting fire to post offices, cutting of telegraph lines and disrupting railway traffic.
Undying mass movement:
a) All sections of the society participated in the movement.
b) There were a large number of workers strike such as strikes in Buckingham and Carnatic Mills, Madras port Trust, Madras Corporation and the Electric Tramway.
c) Students of various colleges took active part in the protests.
d) The airport in Sulur was attacked and trains derailed in Coimbatore.
In South Tamil Nadu:
a) Congress volunteers clashed with the military in Madurai.
b) Many young men and women also joined the INA.
c) The Quit India movement was suppressed with brutal force.

(i) In terms of geographic and demographic dimension, skilled manpower and civilisational depth, China is the only country in the region which qualifies for comparison with India.
(ii) China, being the manufacturing hub of the world, is strategically very important to India.
(iii) India and China share similarity of view on many fronts like World Trade Organisation, international climate change talks and reforms of the World Bank.
(iv) Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, which was China's initiative, has granted the observer status to India, while SAARC had granted the observer status to China.
(v) Both sides have established more dialogue mechanisms covering diverse sector Bilateral trade has registered enormous growth.
(vi) India and china have signed an educational exchange programme.
(vii) Under this agreement, scholarships are awarded to 25 students by both sides in recognised institutions of higher learning in each others country.

i) Changing global conditions determine the foreign policy details, yet India's foreign policy was based on certain well defined principles.
ii) These principles are not mere idealistic but pragmatist too, India got her political : freedom in the aftermath of a disastrous I Second World War, and India had to be redeemed from' acute poverty illiteracy, and chaotic socio-economic conditions.
iii) Hence our new nation could not afford to military entanglements and military alliances.
iv) Avoidance of military blocs was then not an option but a necessity. Now Alliance did mean neutrality, but the freedom of nations to decide on issues independently.
v) Non -alliance did not mean demilitarisation of nations. It was meant to ensure deescalation of conflicts and tension.
vi) Flaws or faults in details of foreign policy executions have been addressed time and again but India's basic policy of non- Alliance is still in force.

A tank is a natural or man-made hollow on the surface developed by constructing a small bund around it across a stream. It is used to collect and store water for irrigation and other purposes. Irrigation by tanks is a very old system in India. It also includes irrigation from lakes and ponds. The tank irrigation is popular in the peninsular India due to the following reasons:
(i) The undulating relief and hard rocks make difficult to dig canals and wells.
(ii) Natural depressions serve as reservoirs.
(iii) Absence of perennial rivers.
(iv) Impermeable rock structure which do not permit percolation.
(v) The scattered nature of population and agricultural fields

(i) Paper Industry has emerged as a diversified and specialized industry in India that produces numerous types of papers that comes in various use such as sheet paper, paper boxes, tissues, paper bags, stationery, envelopes and printed paper products such as books, periodicals, and newspapers.
(Ii) In India the Soft wood is the principal raw ; material used for making paper especially newsprint and high class printing papers.
(iii) Paper is the pre-requisite for education and literacy and its use is an index of advancement in these two fields as well as the overall well being of the society.
(iv) The first successful effort was made in 1867 with the setting up of the Royal Bengal paper mills at Ballygunge near Kolkata.
(v) The raw materials for paper industry includes wood pulp, bamboo, salai and sabai grasses, waste paper and bagasse.
(vi) West Bengal is the largest producer of paper in the country followed by Madhya Pradesh, Odisha and Tamil nadu states.

(i) Too much flow of capital amongst countries, Introduces unfair and immoral distributors of Income
(ii) Another fear is losing national integrity Because of too much exchange of trade, independent domestic policies are lost.
(iii) Rapid growth of the economy has required a major infrastructure and resource extraction. This increase negative ecological and Social costs.
(iv) Rapid increases in exploitation of natural resources to earn foreign exchange.
(v) Environmental standards and regulations have been relaxed.

(i) Sony Corporation
(ii) Hew left Packard (HP)
(iii) Tata Group
(iv) Microsoft corporation
(v) IBM
(vi) Nettle
(vii) Procter and Gamble
(viii) Pepsi company
(ix) The Coca-Cola company
(x) City group

a) Several important goods are services left out of the GDP:
i) The GDP includes only the goods and services sold in the market.
ii) The services provided by the parents to their children is very important but it is not included in the GDP because it is not sold in the market.
iii) Likewise clean air, which is vital for a healthy life, has no market value and is left out of the GDP.
b) GDP measures only quantity but not quality :
i) In the 1970s schools and banks did not permit the use of ballpoint pens.
ii) This is because, the ones available in India were of very poor quality.
iii) Since then, not only has there been a substantial increase in the quantity of ballpoint pens produced in India but their quality has also improved a lot.
iv) The improvement in quality of goods is very important but it is not captured by the GDP.
c) GDP does not tell us about the way income is described in the country:
The GDP of a country may be growing rapidly but income may be distributed so unequally that only a small percentage of people may be benefitting from it.
d) The GDP does not tell us about the kind of life people are living:
A high level of per capita real GDP can go hand - in - hand with very low health condition of people, an undemocratic political system, high pollution and high suicide rate.

Categories of the Ministers The ministers are classified under three ranks 
(I) Cabinet Minister
(II) Ministers of State
(III) Deputy Ministers.
Cabinet Ministers
(i) The Cabinet is an informal body of senior ministers who form the nucleus of administration.
(ii) Important decisions of the government are taken by the Cabinet, such as defence, finance, external affairs and home.
(iii) The Cabinet recommends to the President to promulgate an ordinance.
(iv) It is instrumental in moving Amendments to the Constitution.
Ministers of State
(i) These ministers belong to the second category of ministers in the council.
(ii) They are also in charge of ministries or departments but they do not participate in the meetings of the cabinet unless invited to do so.
Deputy Ministers
They are the lowest ranked ministers in the cabinet. They assist either the Ministers of Cabinet or state in the performance of the duties entrusted to them

The Citizenship Act of 1955 prescribes five ways of acquiring citizenship, viz, birth, descent, registration, naturalisation and incorporation of territory:
According to the Citizenship Act, 1955, the citizenship could be acquired through any of the following methods.
(i) By Birth : All persons born in India on or after January 26, 1950 are treated as citizens by birth.
(ii) By Descent: A person born outside India on or after January 26, 1950 shall be a citizen of India by descent, if his father is a citizen of India at the time of his birth.
(iii) By Registration : A person can acquire citizenship of India by registration with appropriate authority.
(iv) By Naturalisation : A foreigners can' acquire Indian citizenship, on application for naturalization to the Government of India.
(v) By Incorporation of Territory : In the event of a certain territory being added to the territory of India, the Government of India shall specify the persons of that territory who shall be citizen of India.

Climate of India is affected by the factors of latitude, distance from the seas, monsoon wind, relief features, and jet stream.
(i) Latitude: 
(a) Latitudinally, India lies between 8°4'N and 37°6'N latitudes.
(b) The Tropic of Cancer divides the country into two equal halves.
(c) The area located to the south of Tropic of cancer experiences high temperature and no severe cold season throughout the year whereas, the areas to the north of this parallel enjoys sub-tropical climate.
(d) Here, summer temperature may rise above 40°C and it is close to freezing point during winter.
(ii) Altitude:
(a) When the altitude increases, The temperatures decreases.
(b) Temperature decreases at the rate of 6SC for every 1000 meters of ascent. It is called normal lapse rate.
(c) Hence, places in the mountains are cooler than the places on the plains.
(d) That is why the places located at higher altitudes even in south India have a cool climate.
(e) Ooty and several other hill stations of south India and of the Himalayan ranges like Mussoorie, Shimla, etc., are much cooler than the places located on the Great Plains.

(i) Himalayas blocks southwest monsoon winds and causes heavy rainfall to north India.
(ii) It forms a natural barrier to the subcontinent.
(iii) It is the source for many perennial rivers like Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra, etc.
(iv) The Northern Mountains are described as the paradise of tourists due to its natural beauty.
(v) Many hill stations and pilgrim centers like Amarnath, Kedarnath, Badrinath, and Vaishnavi Devi temples are situated here.
(vi) It provides raw material for many forest based industries.
(vii) It prevents the cold winds blowing from the central Asia and protects India from severe cold.
(viii) Himalayas are renowned for the rich biodiversity.

(i) By the end of Second World War Viet Minh controlled the northern half of Vietnam. Viet Minh formed a government led by Ho Chi Minh in Hanoi.
(ii) This Viet Minh government quickly occupied the southern half of Vietnam. However, the Allied Powers decided at Potsdam that the British in the south and the Chinese in the north should defend Indo-China from the Japanese.
(iii) In March the two governments (French and Viet Minh) reached an agreement by which North Vietnam was to be a free state, within an Indo-Chinese Federation. But the new French constitution included all overseas colonies in a French Union.
(iv) In 1949 the French attempted to secure the support of the population by declaring Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia independent within the French Union, retaining only foreign affairs and defense under French control. However, the problem of Indo- China soon became involved in the Cold War.
(v) While the French were receiving considerable financial aid from America, the Viet Minh were helped by the new Chinese communist government. The French troops were eventually defeated.
(vi) South Vietnam, approximately of the same size and population, was ruled by Ngo Dinh Diem.
(vii) Diem refused to hold the elections to decide on a united Vietnam.
(viii) However, by 1962, it was clear that Diem was incapable of controlling the situation. This led to the posting of more US armed forces in the area.
(ix) The US bombed both North and South in the hope that it could force the liberation forces to abandon the struggle.
(x) The fighters of North Vietnam, trained in guerilla warfare, had grown out of spontaneous struggles against a repressive regime.
(xi) The American troops also used bacteriological weapons.
(xii) Incendiary bombs such as napalm and Agent Orange (to defoliate the forest cover) were used.
(xiii) Escalation of the total military outlay caused the US big business to protest. The youths rebelled against the conscription and the horrors of war.
(xiv) Anti-Vietnam War protests rocked universities and colleges across the US and in Europe and became part of the 1960s counterculture.
(xv) No other single issue united millions of people all over the world as the war of Vietnam.

(i) The Treaty also set up the League of Nations, on the initiative of President Woodrow Wilson of the United States.
(ii) The League was expected to mediate between countries and take action against countries which indulged in military aggression.
(iii) However, the United States was not interested in playing a global role or any role in European politics.
(iv) The popular mood favoured the traditional isolationist approach, and therefore the United States did not become a member of the League.
(v) The other Allied nations were also determined to maintain a noninterventionist attitude and, in consequence, the League remained an ineffectual international body.

(i) In the 1924 elections, after intimidation of the electors, 65 percent of the votes were cast for the Fascists.
(ii) Matteotti, a socialist leader, who questioned fairness of the elections, was murdered.
(iii) The opposition parties boycotted the Parliament in protest.
(iv) Mussolini reacted by banning opposition parties and censoring the Press. Opposition leaders were killed or imprisoned.
(v) Assuming the title of II Duce (the leader), in 1926 he became a dictator with power to legislate.
(vi) He passed a law forbidding strikes and lockouts. Unions and employers were organized into corporations which would settle wages and working conditions.
(vii) In 1938 Parliament was abolished and was replaced by a body representing the Fascist Party and the corporations.
(viii) This new arrangement bolstered Mussolini's dictatorial control of the economy, as well as enabling him to wield enormous power as head of the administration and the armed forces.

(i) The Covenant of the League was worked out at the Paris Peace Conference and included in each of the treaties that were signed after the First World War.
(ii) It was largely due to the pressure from I President Wilson that this task was: accomplished.
(iii) In drawing up the constitution of this organization, the ideas of Britain and America prevailed.
(iv) The League consisted office bodies the Assembly, the Council, the Secretariat, the Permanent Court of Justice, and the International Labour Organisation.
(v) Each member-country was represented in the Assembly.
(vi) It discussed general policy and any decision taken in the Assembly had to be unanimous.
(vii) The Council was the executive of the League. Britain, France, Italy, Japan, and the United States were originally declared permanent members of the Council.
(viii) Each member had one vote and since all decisions had to be unanimous, even the small nations possessed the right of veto.

(i) Even on 23 February 1917, when the socialists celebrated International Working Women's Day on that day, the Tsar seemed unchallengeable. But he had to abdicate on the morning of 2 March.
(ii) Though none called for strikes fearing that the time was not ripe for militant action, the bread shortages among women textile workers, many with husbands in the army, forced them to go on strike anyway and march through the factory areas of Petrograd, the capital of the Russian Empire.
(iii) Masses of women workers in a militant frame of mind demanding "Bread for workers" waved their arms towards factory workers and shouted, "Come out!" "Stop work!"
(iv) The city's 400,000 workers joined the movement the next day (24 February).

(i) The defeated powers were absent from negotiations. The peace settlement, a dictated one, was based on the principle, to the victor belongs the spoils and the allies are the victors.
(ii) Self-determination was the principle, which was one of the fourteen points of Woodrow Wilson for restoring peace, applied to all the peoples except the German.
(iii) Austria was not allowed to unite with Germany, because the combination would be too powerful. Germany was thus left with a sense of injustice.
(iv) The reparation of 6,600 million pounds was well beyond Germany's capacity to pay.
(v) Germany was weakened, politically and economically. But instead of having the large Russian and Austro- Hungarian empires on her eastern frontier, she was now bordered by small weak and new states.