Classification of Roads:
i) National Highways (NH): National Highways form the most important system of road transportation in India.
ii) These highways are connect capitals of states, major Ports, rail junctions, industrial and tourist centres.
iii) The longest National highway is NH - 44, which runs from Srinagar in Jammu Kashmir to Kanniyakumari in Tamil Nadu.
iv)The shortest national highway is NH-47A, which runs, from Ernakulum to Kochi port (Willington Island) covering a distance of 6 km.
State Highways:
The state highways are usually roads that link important cities, towns and district headquarters within the state and connect them with national highways or highways of neighboring states. These roads are administered and financed by state governments.
District Roads:
i) District Roads provide connectivity between the district and taluk headquarters with the state highways and national highways.
ii) District Roads are constructed and maintained by the Public Works Department of the states.
Rural Roads:
i) Rural roads connectivity is a key component of rural development. These roads are vital for providing links in the rural areas. It links the different villages with their neighboring towns.
ii) They are maintained by Village Panchayats.
Border Roads:
i) These are the roads of strategic importance in border areas.
ii) They are constructed and maintained by Border Roads Organization. It was established in 1960 for the development of the roads in the northern and northeastern border areas.
iii) Border Roads Organization has constructed world's highest road joining Chandigarh and Leh in Ladakh.
Golden Quadrilateral Roads:
Golden Quadrilateral 5,846 km long road of 4/6. lanes connects, India's the four metropolitan
cities Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai and Mumbai.
Expressways:
i) These roads are multilane good quality road for high speed traffic.
Eg: Mumbai - Pune road.
International Highways:
These roads link India with neighboring countries for promoting harmonious relationship with them.

Human Development:
Dr. Mahabub-ul-haq defined as "it is a process of enlarging the range of people's choice, increasing their opportunities for education, health care, income, and empowerment. It covers the full range of human choices from a sound physical environment to economic, social and political freedom".
Human Development Indicators:
Population trends, health outcomes, education achievements, national income and composition of resources, work and employment, human security, human and capital mobility, supplementary indicators: perceptions of well being and status of fundamental rights treaties are the human development indicators.
Measuring of Human Development:   
Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite index focusing on three basic dimensions of human development:
(i) Health - Life expectancy at birth.
(ii) Education - Expected years of schooling for school age children and average years of schooling for the adult population.
(iii) Income - Measured by gross national income and per capita income.
Human Development Classification:
(i) HDI classifications are based on HDI fixed cut off points, which are derived from the quartiles of distributions of the component indicators.
(ii) The HDI of less than 0.550 is used for low human development, 0.550 - 0.699 stands for medium human development, 0.700 - 0.799 for high human development and 0.8 or greater for very high human development.

i) The term 'Population Distribution' refers to the way the people are spaced over the earth's surface.
ii) The distribution of population in India is quite uneven because of the vast variation in the availability of resources.
High population:
i) Population is mostly concentrated in the regions of industrial centres and the good agricultural lands.
Low population:
i) On the other hand, the areas such as high mountains, arid lands, thickly forested areas and some remote corners are very thinly populated and some areas are even uninhabited.
Factors affecting population:
i) Terrain, climate, soil, water bodies, mineral resources, industries, transport and urbanization are the major factors which affect the distribution of population in our country.
ii) Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state in India.
iii) Sikkim is the least populous state in India.
iv) Among the union territories Delhi has the largest population.
Density of Population:
i) It is expressed as number of persons per unit area usually per sq km. India is one of the most thickly populated ten countries of the world.
ii) The most densely populated state of India is Bihar and the state with least population density is Arunachal Pradesh.
iii) Among the union territories, Delhi is the densely populated one with 11,297 per sq.km.
iv) Andaman and Nicobar Islands have the lowest density of population.

i) The use of satellite in getting a continuous and synoptic view of larger area has made this communication system very vital for the country.
ii) Satellite images are used for weather forecasting, monitoring of natural calamities, surveillance of border areas, etc.
iii) The communication through satellites emerged as a new era in communication in our country after the establishment of Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) in 1969.
Two types:
Satellite system in India can be grouped into two-the Indian National Satellite System (INSAT) and the Indian Remote Sensing Satellite System (IRS).
Satellites :
i) The INSAT, established in 1983, is a multipurpose system for telecommunication, meteorological observation and for various other programs.
ii) The INSAT series are used for relaying signals to television, telephone, radio, mobile phone.
iii) It is also useful in weather detection, internet and military applications.
iv) The INSAT series, GSAT series, KALPANA-1, HAMSAT and EDUSAT are the major communication satellite used for communication purpose.
v) GSAT-7A is the recent launch (December 19, 2018) for communication programs. INSAT-IB launched on 30^th August 1983 is the first communication satellite in INSAT series.

The process of society's transformation from rural to urban is known as urbanization.
Urbanization in India:
i) The level of urbanization is measured in terms of percentage of urban population.
ii) Goa is the most urbanized state.
iii) Himachal Pradesh is the least urbanized state.
iv) Among the Union territories, Delhi is the most urbanized region followed by Chandigarh.
v) Among the major states, Tamil Nadu continues to be the second most urbanized state with 48.4% percent of urban population followed by Kerala and Maharashtra.
Impact of Urbanization:
i) Urbanization and population concentration go hand-in-hand and are closely related to each other.
ii) Rural to urban migration leads to population explosion in urban areas.
iii) Metropolitan cities like Mumbai, Kolkata and Delhi have more population than that can accommodate
iv) The following are the major problems of urbanization in India.
1. It creates urban sprawl.
2. It makes overcrowding urban centres.
3. It leads to shortage of houses in urban areas.
4. It leads to the formation of slums. (eg Chennai, Mumbai)
5. It increases traffic congestion in cities.
6. It creates water scarcity in cities,
7. It creates drainage problem.
8. It poses the problem of solid waste management.
9 It increases the rate of crime.