Vaikunda Swamigal criticized the rule of the British and the rule of the Rajah of Travancore as the rule of the white devils and black devils respectively.

Vaikunda Swamikal criticized the rule of the British and the rule of Rajah of Travancore as the rule of White devils and Black devils respectively.

(i) The Namdhari Movement, founded by Baba Ram Singh, was another socio-religious movement among the Sikhs.
(ii) The Namdharis insisted on wearing the symbols of Sikhism except the kirpan (sword).
(iii) Instead, Baba Ram Singh wanted his' followers to carry a lathi. It considered both men and women equal and accepted widow remarriage.
(iv) It prohibited the dowry system and child marriage.

The Zoroastrians who had fled from Iran in the tenth century in the face of religious persecution.

(i) After the suppression of great revolt of 1857 Indian Muslims looked to Western culture with suspicion.
(ii) The community feared that Western education, Western culture, and Western ideas would endanger their religion.
(iii) Therefore only a small section of Muslims accepted the new avenues for modern education.
(iv) Consequently, Indian Muslims as a community lagged behind in comparison to the Hindu elite of various parts of India.