(i) Photosynthesis.
(ii) Storage of starch.
(iii) Synthesis of fatty acids.
(iv) Storage of lipids.
(v) Formation of chloroplasts.

(i) Shale drilling could affect groundwater reserves, which can contaminate the drinking water resources and also affect the fertility of the soil.
(ii) Million gallons of water is needed to break and release the shale gas, which in turn can affect the water table.
(iii) It would provide greater initiative to local people who could assess their needs and resources and plan usage

Behavioural Changes:
Adverse effects among adolescents are:
(i) Drop in academic performance, absence from school or college.
(ii) Lack of interest in personal hygiene, isolation, depression, fatigue and aggressive behaviour.
(iii) Deteriorating relationship with family and friends.
(iv) Change in food and sleeping habits.
(v) Fluctuation in body weight and appetite.

The two important properties of stem cells that differentiate them from other cells are:
(i) Its ability to divide and give rise to more stem cells by self-renewal
(ii) Its ability to give rise to specialised cells with specific functions by the process of differentiation.

(i) ABA stands for Abscisic Acid.
(ii) ABA promotes the process of separation of leaves, flowers and fruits (abscission).
(iii) During water stress and drought conditions ABA causes stomatal closure.
(iv) ABA promotes senescence in leaves by causing loss of chlorophyll.
(v) ABA induces bud dormancy towards the approach of winter in trees like birch.
(vi) ABA is a powerful inhibitor of lateral bud growth in tomato.

The reappearance of ancestral characters in some individuals is called atavism. Presence of rudimentary tail in new born babies, presence of thick hair on the Human body are examples of atavism.

Neuroglia: Neuroglia are also called as glial cells. They are the non-exciting, supporting cell of the nervous system. They do not initiate or conduct nerve impulse.

The amount of the substance present in certain volume of the solution is called 'concentration'.

Nuclear fusion can take place only under certain conditions. Nuclear fusion is possible only at extreme high temperature of the order of 10⁷ to 10⁹ K and a high pressure to push the hydrogen nuclei closer to fuse with each other. Hence, It is named as "Thermonuclear reaction".

If the molecules or atoms of a gas interact with each other with a definite amount of intermolecular or inter atomic force of attraction, then, the gas is said to be real.

Some substances when exposed to the atmospheric air at ordinary temperature, absorb moisture without changing their physical state. Such substances are called hygroscopic substances.

Based on initial and final energy of the light beam, scattering can be classified as, (i) Elastic scattering, (ii) Inelastic scattering.
(i) Elastic scattering : If the energy of the incident beam of light and the scattered beam of light are same, then it is called as 'elastic scattering'
(ii) Inelastic scattering : If the energy of the incident beam of light and the scattered beam of light are not same, then it is called as 'inelastic scattering:

In SONAR, by measuring the change in the frequency between the sent signal and received signal, the speed of marine animals and submarines can be determined.

It is defined as half the distance between nuclei of adjacent metal atoms.

The cyclic events that take place in a rhythmic fashion during the reproductive period of a woman's life is called menstrual cycle.

(i) Components of blood: The blood consists of two main components. The fluid plasma and the formed elements (blood cells) which are found suspended in the plasma.
(ii) Blood cells are classified into erythrocytes, leucocytes and platelets.

(i) Egg dropped on concrete: A large force acting for a short period of time and a smaller force acting for a longer period time.
Egg dropped on cushion pillow: A smaller force acting for a longer period.
(ii) In this activity for the egg dropped to a cushion pillow, the time of interaction of force is large and makes the magnitude of force small.
(iii) So, it does not break. When the same egg is dropped onto a concrete floor, the time of interaction is very short and hence the force becomes large, which breaks the egg.
(iv) Such a force is known as "impulsive force".

If the atomic mass of an element is expressed in grams it is known as gram atomic mass
Eg: Gram atomic mass of hydrogen = 1g
Gram atomic mass of oxygen = 16 g

(i) The dorsal and ventral surfaces of a dicot leaf can be clearly distinguished
(ii) The dorsal surface is darker is appearance and the ventral surface is lighter.
(iii) This is due to distribution of palisade parenchyma below the upper epidermis which as rich in chloroplasts.
(iv) Hence the dicot left is described as dorsiventral.

Car pooling is an initiative being advocated to the public because more people can make use of a vehicle. It has multiple uses like Judicious use of fuel, reducing traffic congestion and so on. Further it is also economic for the users. Thus car pooling is a eco friendly initiative which can save resources for the future generation. It is not linked to the economic status of an individual.

Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder. It is characterized by increased blood glucose level due to insufficient, deficient or failure of insulin secretion. This is the most common pancreatic endocrine disorder.
Type I Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM):
(i) IDDM accounts for 10 to 20% of the known diabetics.
(ii) The condition also occurs in children (Juvenile onset diabetes) and young adults, the onset is usually sudden and can be life threatening.
(iii) This is caused by the destruction of cells of the pancreas.
(iv) It is characterized by abnormally elevated blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) resulting from inadequate insulin secretion.
Causes: Genetic inheritance and environmental factors (infections due to virus, acute stress) are the cause for this condition.
Type II Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM): 
(i) This is also called as adult onset diabetes and accounting for 80 to 90% of the diabetic population.
(ii) It develops slowly, usually milder and more stable.
(iii) Insulin production by the pancreas is normal but its action is impaired. (iv) The target cells do not respond to insulin.
(v) It does not allow the movement of glucose into cells.
Causes: The causes are multifactorial which include increasing age obesity, sedentary lifestyle, overeating and physically inactive.

Genetically Modified Organisms:
(i) Genetic modification refers to the alteration or manipulation of genes in the organisms using rDNA techniques in order to produce the desired characteristics.
(ii) The DNA fragment inserted is called transgene. Plants or animals expressing a modified endogenous gene or a foreign gene are also known as transgenic organisms.
Advantages:
(i) The transgenic plants are much stable, with improved nutritional quality, resistant to diseases and tolerant to various environment conditions.
(ii) Similarly transgenic animals are used to produce proteins of medicinal importance at low cost and improve livestock quality. eg Golden Rice is a genetically modified Rice which can produce Beta carotene.

'Scratch' is a software used to create animations, cartoons and games easily. Scratch, on the other hand, is a Visual Programming Language. It was developed in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Media Lab to make programming easier and more fun to learn.
Scratch Environment Editor:
(i) The Scratch editor has three main parts: They are Stage, Sprite and Script editor.
(ii) Stage: Stage is the background appearing when we open the scratch window. The background will most often be white. You can change the background colour as you like.
(iii) Sprite: The characters on the background of a Scratch window are known as Sprite. Usually a cat appears as a sprite when the Scratch window is opened. The software provides facilities to make alternations in sprite.
(iv) Script editor / Costume editor: Where you edit your programs or your sprite's pictures.
The script editor has three main parts :
(a) Script area: Where you build scripts.
(b) Block menu: Where you choose the category of blocks (programming statements) to use.
(c) Block palette: Where you choose the block to use.

Organic compounds are classified into two types as follows:
(i) Acyclic or Open chain compounds:
These are the compounds in which the carbon atoms are linked in a linear pattern to form the chain. If all the carbon atoms in the chain are connected by single bonds, then the compound is called as saturated. If one or more double bonds or triple bonds exist between the carbon atoms, then the compound is said to unsaturated.

(ii) Cyclic Compounds:
Organic compounds in which the chain of carbon atoms is closed or cyclic are called Cyclic compounds. If the chain contains only carbon atoms, such compounds are called carbocyclic compounds. If the chain contains carbon and other atoms like oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, etc., these compounds are called heterocyclic compounds. Carbocyclic compounds are further subdivided into alicyclic and aromatic compounds. In alicyclic compounds, the carbon cycle contains only single bonds whereas aromatic compounds contain one or more benzene rings (ring containing alternate double bonds between carbon atoms).
E.g:

(i) The thyroid gland is composed of two distinct lobes lying one on either side of the trachea.
(ii) The two lobes are connected by means of a narrow band of tissue known as the isthmus.
(iii) This gland is composed of glandular follicles and lined by cuboidal epithelium.
(iv) The follicles are filled with colloid material called thyroglobulin.
An amino acid tyrosine and iodine are involved in the formation of thyroid hormone. The hormones secreted by the thyroid gland are
(a) Triiodothyronine (T₃)
(b) Tetraiodothyronine or Thyroxine (T₄)
Functions of thyroid hormones:
(i) Production of energy by maintaining the Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) of the body.
(ii) Helps to maintain normal body temperature.
(iii) Influences the activity of central nervous system.
(iv) Controls growth of the body and bone formation.
(v) Essential for normal physical, mental and personality development. It is also known as personality hormone.
(vi) Regulates cell metabolism.

The comparative study of Morphology and Anatomy of animals, reveal that they possess common set of characteristics.
(a) Homologous organs:
(i) The homologous organs are those which have inherited from common ancestors with similar developmental pattern in embryos.
(ii) E.g: The fore limbs of mammals are homologous structures. A Human hand, a front leg of a Cat, flipper of a Whale and a Bat's wing look dissimilar and adapted for different functions. Their mode of development and basic structure of bone are similar.
(b) Analogous organs:
(i) The analogous organs look similar and perform similar functions but they have different origin and developmental pattern.
(ii) The function of the wings of a Bat, the wings of a bird and wings of an insect are similar, but their basic structures are different.
(c) Vestigial organs:
(i) The degenerated and non-functional organs of animals are called Vestigial organs. The same organs are found to be well-developed and functional, in some of the related forms.
(ii) E.g: Some of the Vestigial organs in man are Vermiform appendix, Nictitating membrane, Caudal Vertebra, Coccyx etc.
(d) Atavism:
(i) The reappearance of ancestral characters in some individuals is called Atavism.
(ii) E.g: Presence of rudimentary tail in new born babies, presence of thick hair on the Human body.

Reversible Reactions: A reversible reaction is a reaction that can be reversed, i.e., the products can be converted back to the reactants. A reversible reaction is represented by a double arrow with their heads in the direction opposite to each other. Thus, a reversible reaction can be kept

Explanation: The compound 'AB' undergoes decomposition to form the products 'A' and 'B'. It is the forward reaction. As soon as the products are formed, they combine together to form 'AB': It is the backward reaction
PCl₅(g) ⇌ PCl₃(g) + CI₂(g)
Irreversible Reactions: The reaction that cannot be reversed is called irreversible reaction. Consider the combustion of coal into carbon dioxide and water.
C_(s) + O_2(g) ⟶ CO_2(g)+ Heat
Coal oxygen Carbon dioxide
In this reaction, solid coal burns with oxygen and gets converted into carbon dioxide gas and water. As the product is a gas, as soon as it is formed it escapes out of the reaction container. It is hard to decompose a gas into a solid. Thus, the backward reaction is not possible in this case. So, it is an irreversible reaction

(i) Radioactive materials should be kept in thick walled lead container.
(ii) Lead coated aprons and lead gloves should be used while working with hazardous radioactive materials.
(iii) We should avoid eating while handling radioactive materials.
(iv) The radioactive materials should be handled only by tongs or by a remote control process.
(v) Dosimeters should be worn by the users to check the level of radiation.

Linear expansion:
(i) When a body is heated or cooled, the length of the body changes due to change in its temperature. This expansion is said to be a linear or longitudinal expansion.
(ii) The ration of increase in length of a body per degree celsius rise in temperature to its unit length is called the coefficient of linear expansion. Its SI unit is per Kelvin. The value of coefficient of linear expansion is different for different materials.

(iii) The equation relating the change in length to the change in temperature of a body is given below:
\(\frac { \triangle L }{ { L }_{ 0 } } \) =α_L ΔT
ΔL  - Change in length
L₀ - Original length
ΔT - Change in temperature
α_L - Coefficient of linear expansion.

(i) When a parallel beam of monochromatic (single coloured ) light passes through a gas or liquid or transparent solid, a part of light rays are scattered. This scattering is called Raman scattering (inelastic scattering).
(ii) Raman Scattering is defined as "The interaction of light ray with the particles of pure liquids or transparent solids, which leads to a change in wavelength or frequency".
(iii) The scattered light contains some additional frequencies (or wavelengths) other than that of incident frequency (or wavelength). This is known as Raman scattering or Raman Effect.
(iv) The modified lines are called 'Raman lines' and the unmodified lines are called as 'Rayleigh lines'. The lines having frequencies lower than the incident frequency is called stokes lines and the lines having frequencies higher than the incident frequency are called Anti-stokes lines.

Ear trumpet:
(i) Ear trumpet is a hearing aid, which is useful for people who have difficulty in hearing.
(ii) In this device, one end is wide and the other end is narrow.
(iii) The sound from the sources fall into the wide end and are reflected by its walls into the narrow part of the device.
(iv) This helps in concentrating the sound and the sound enters the ear drum with more intensity. and to hear the sound better.
Mega phone:
(i) A megaphone is a horn-shaped device used to address a small gathering of people.
(ii) Its one end is wide and the other end is narrow.
(iii) When a person speaks at the narrow end, the sound of his speech is concentrated by the multiple reflections from the walls of the tube.
(iv) Thus, his voice can be heard loudly over a long distance.

Man is omnivorous in his food habit. He eats plant and animal food. Therefore he has well CI developed incisors and canines. Rabbits are herbivorous in mode of nutrition. They need sharp incisors only. Canines or tearing teeth are hence absent in rabbits.

Magnetic separation method:
(i) Principle: Magnetic properties of the ores form the basis of separation. When either the ore or the gangue is magnetic, this method is employed. E.g. Tin stone SnO₂ The ore of tin.
(ii) Method: The crushed ore is placed over a conveyer belt which rotates around two metal wheels, one of which is magnetic. The magnetic particles are attracted to the magnetic wheel and fall separately apart from the non-magnetic particles.

(i) The term mutation was introduced by Hugo De Vries in 1901 when he observed phenotypic changes in the evening Primrose plant, Oenothera lamarckiana.
(ii) Mutation is an inheritable sudden change in the genetic material (DNA) of an organism.
(iii) Mutations are classified into two main types, namely chromosomal mutation and gene mutation. Chromosomal mutation: The sudden change in the structure or number of chromosomes is called chromosomal mutation. This may result in
Changes in the structure of chromosomes:
Structural changes in the chromosomes usually occurs due to errors in cell division. Changes in the number and arrangement of genes takes place as a result of deletion, duplication, inversion and translocation in chromosomes. Changes in the number of chromosomes: They involve addition or deletion in the number of chromosomes present in a cell. This is called ploidy. There are 2 types of ploidy:
Euploidy in plants and animals:
(a) Euploidy: It is the condition in which the individual bears more than the usual number of diploid (2n) chromosomes. If an individual has three haploid sets of chromosomes, the condition is called triploidy (3n). If it has four haploid sets of chromosomes. It is called Tetraploidy. Tetraploid plants are advantageous as they often result in increased fruit and flower size.
(b) Aneuploidy: It is the loss or gain of one or more chromosomes in a set. It is of 3 types:
(i) Monosomy (2n-1),
(ii) Trisomy (2n+1)
(iii) Nullisomy (2n-2). In man, Down's syndrome is one of the commonly known aneuploid condition.
Gene or point mutation:
(i) Gene mutation is the changes occurring in nucleotide sequence of a gene.
(ii) It involves substitution, deletion, insertion or inversion of a single or more than one nitrogenous base.
(iii) Gene alteration results in abnormal protein formation in an organism.

(i) The spermatozoan consists of head, a middle piece and tail.
(ii) The sperm head is elongated and formed by the condensation of nucleus.
(iii) The anterior portion has a cap like structure called acrosome.
(iv) It contains hyaluronidase, an enzyme that helps the sperm to enter the ovum during fertilization.
(v) A short neck connects the head and middle piece which comprises the centrioles.
(vi) The middle piece contains the mitochondria which provides energy for the movement of tail.
(vii) It brings about sperm motility which is essential for fertilization.

(i) The natural state of all earthly objects is either the state of rest or the state of uniform motion.
(ii) An object in motion will continue to be in the same state of motion as long as no external force is applied.
(iii) When force is applied on objects, they resist any change in their state. This property of objects is called "inertia".
(iv) When dropped from a height in vacuum, objects of different size, shape and mass fall at the same rate arid reach the ground at the same time.

Blood Groups
(i) The concept of blood grouping was discovered by Karl Landsteiner. He identified blood groups A, B and O. AB blood group was recognized by Decastello and Steini.
(ii) Human blood contains certain specific substances called agglutinogens or antigens (Ag) and agglutinins or antibodies (Ab). Antigens are found on the membrane surface of RBC. Antibodies are present in blood plasma. Based on the presence or absence of antigen and antibodies human blood group is classified into four groups called A, B, AB, and O. An individual has one of the four blood groups.
(iii) 'A' group individuals: Antigen 'A' is present on the surface of RBC and antibody b (anti-b) is present in the plasma.
(iv) 'B' group individuals: Antigen 'B' is present on the surface of RBC and antibody an (anti-a) is present in the plasma.
(v) 'AB' group individuals: Antigens A and B are present on the surface of RBC and antibodies are absent in the plasma.
(vi) 'O' group individuals: No antigen A or B are absent on the surface of RBC. However, the plasma contains both antibodies 'a' and 'b' (anti a and b).
Blood donation :
(i) In blood transfusion one must consider the antigen and antibody compatibility (matching) between the donor and the person receiving blood (recipient). When an individual receives a mismatched blood group from the donor agglutination (clumping) of blood occurs in the body which leads to death.

Applications of Avogadro's hypothesis
(i) It explains Gay-Lussac's law.
(ii) It helps in the determination of atomicity of gases.
(iii) Molecular formula of gases can be derived using Avogadro's law.
(iv) It determines the relation between molecular mass and vapour density.
(v) It helps to determine Gram molar volume of all gases (i.e. 22.4 lit at S.T.P)

(a) ₉₂U²³⁵+ ₀n¹ ￫ ₃₈Sr⁹⁰+ ₅₄Xe¹⁴³+ 3₀n¹
(b) ₉₂U²³⁵+ ₀n¹ ￫ ₄₃TC¹⁰⁷+ ₄₉In¹²⁴+ 5₀n¹

F to (kelvin) K =(F--32) x \(\frac{5}{9}\) + 273
=(95 - 32) x \(\frac{5}{9}\) + 273
=\(\frac { 315 }{ 9 } \) + 273
=35+273 =308 K

Object distance, u =25 cm
virtual image distance, v =-10 cm
To find: Magnification, m = ?
m = \(\frac{\text { Distance of the image }}{\text { Distance of the object }}=\frac{v}{u}\)
= \(\frac { -10 }{ 25 } \) = -0.4
Magnification,
m = -0.4

Given
Speed of the train, V_s =30 rns^-1
Frequency of the train, n =600Hz
Speed of sound, v =340 ms^-1
To find: Apparent frequency n =?
Solution
\(n'=\left( \frac { v }{ v-{ v }_{ s } } \right) \times 600\)
\(=\frac { 340 }{ 310 } \times 600\)
Apparent frequency n' = 658 Hz

Mass of first body, m₁ = 2 kg
Initial velocity of first body, u₁ = 40 ms^-1
Initial velocity of second body, u₂ = 0
Final velocity of first body,
v₁ z = Final velocity of the second body, v₂
i.e., v₁ = v₂= 20 ms^-1
To find : Mass of second body, m² = ?
According to law of conservation of momentum,
m₁u₁ + m₂u₂ = m₁v₁+ m₂v₂
m₁u₁ + m₂u₂ = v₁m₂ + m₂v₂
2 x 40 + m₂ x 0 =20 x 2 + 20 m₂
80 =40 + 20m₂
20 m₂ =40 ⇒ m₂
=\(\frac{40}{20}\) =2 kg
Mass of second body, m₂ = 2 kg

Given:
Current passing through heater I= 20 A
To find: Resistance of heating element R = ?
Solution
\(V=IR\Rightarrow \frac { V }{ I } =\frac { 220 }{ 20 } =11\Omega \)
Resistance, R = 11Ω

Gram molecular of CO₂ = 44g
Number of molecules present in 44g of CO₂
= 6.023 X 10²³
∴ Number of molecules present in 11g of CO₂
= \(\frac{6.023\times{10}^{23}}{44}\)x 11
= 1.53 x 10²³ molecules.

The compound 'B' should contain a - COOH group as it is an acid. Since it has only two carbon atoms, the other carbon atom must represent CH₃ group. Thus, compound 'B' is ethanoic acid (CH₃COOH). The compound A used for the sterilization of skin by doctors is ethanol C₂H₅OH (C₂H₆O). The chemical reaction involved in the oxidation by dilute alkaline KMnO₄ solution also called Baeyer's reagent is :

Human females. have two similar sex chromosomes (XX). Hence, during meiosis at the time of gamete formation, one X - chromosome enters each gamete. Hence, all the gametes possess an X - chromosome. Therefore human females are said to be homogenetic.

Slope of V-I graph = resistance of a resistor. When two resistors are connected in series, volts the resistance of this combination (R = R₁ + R₂) is more than the resistance of both the resistors.

Since, slope of C is greater than the slopes of A and B. Therefore, C represents the graph for series combination of the other two.