(i) Regular physical exercise reduces the risk of heart attack.
(ii) It manages, our weight better.
(iii) Regular exercise has a lower blood cholesterol level.
(iv) It lowers the risk of type 2 diabetes and some cancer.
(v) Those who does regular physical exercise have lower blood pressure.
(vi) They have stronger bones, muscles and joints and lower risk of developing chronic disorders.

(i) These foods are high in sugar and fats and low in nutritional value. It is important to eat more balanced, whole foods and avoid junk food.
(ii) We can make special food preparations make of healthy cereals and millets.
(iii) Attractive snacks made of healthy fiber food can be prepared.

(i) Atherosclerosis is a disease in which plaque builds up inside your arteries.
(ii) Plaque is made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances found in the blood.
(iii) Over time, plaque hardens and narrows your arteries.
(iv) It leads to ischemia (deficient blood supply to heart muscle) and myocardial infarction (death of the heart muscle tissue).

Yes. Lifestyle can be modified so as the risk factors of cardio vascular diseases can be avoided. Thereby we can avoid heart diseases.
The following measures can be advocated to change life style:
Diet management:
(i) Reduction in the intake of calories, low saturated fat and cholesterol rich food, low carbohydrates and common salt are some of the dietary modifications.
(ii) Diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is essential.
(iii) Increase in the intake of fiber diet, fruits and vegetables, protein, minerals and vitamin are required.
Physical activity:
(i) Regular exercise, walking and yoga are essential for body weight maintenance.
(ii) There should be some physical activity in between long sitting hours.
Addictive substance avoidance:
Alcohol consumption and smoking are to be avoided.

(i) Education and counselling:
Education and proper counselling will help the alcoholics to overcome their problems and stress, to accept failures in their life.
(ii) Physical activity:
Individuals undergoing rehabilitation should be channelized into healthy activities like reading, music, sports, yoga and meditation.
(iii) Seeking help from parents and peer groups: 
a. When a problematic situation occurs, the affected individuals should seek help and guidance from parents and peers.
b. This would help them to share their feeling of anxiety, wrong doing and get rid of the habit.
(iv) Medical assistance:
a. Individuals should seek help from psychologists and psychiatrists to get relieved from this condition and to lead a relaxed and peaceful life.
b. Alcohol de-addiction and rehabilitation programmes are helpful to the individual so that they could get rid of the problem completely and can lead a normal and healthy life.

Ramu must discuss the issue with his parents or teachers. He must take support from elders in not being a part of this group so that he can take care of his physical and mental health and not fall a prey to bad habits. Friendship does not mean being a support to the wrong actions of our friends.

Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder. It is characterized by increased blood glucose level due to insufficient, deficient or failure of insulin secretion. This is the most common pancreatic endocrine disorder.
Type I Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM):
(i) IDDM accounts for 10 to 20% of the known diabetics.
(ii) The condition also occurs in children (Juvenile onset diabetes) and young adults, the onset is usually sudden and can be life threatening.
(iii) This is caused by the destruction of cells of the pancreas.
(iv) It is characterized by abnormally elevated blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) resulting from inadequate insulin secretion.
Causes: Genetic inheritance and environmental factors (infections due to virus, acute stress) are the cause for this condition.
Type II Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM): 
(i) This is also called as adult onset diabetes and accounting for 80 to 90% of the diabetic population.
(ii) It develops slowly, usually milder and more stable.
(iii) Insulin production by the pancreas is normal but its action is impaired. (iv) The target cells do not respond to insulin.
(v) It does not allow the movement of glucose into cells.
Causes: The causes are multifactorial which include increasing age obesity, sedentary lifestyle, overeating and physically inactive.

(i) Obesity is the state in which there is an accumulation of excess body fat with an abnormal increase in body weight.
(ii) Obesity occurs if intake of calories is more than the expenditure of energy.
(iii) Overweight and obesity are conditions where the body weight is greater than the mean standard weight for age and height of an individual.
(iv) Body Mass Index (BMI) is an estimate of body fat and health risk. BMI = Weight (kg) / Height (m)²
Causes and risk factors :
(i) Obesity is due to genetic factors, physical inactivity, eating habits (overeating) and endocrine factors.
(ii) Obesity is a positive risk factor in development of hypertension, diabetes, gall bladder disease, coronary heart disease, and arthritis.
Prevention and Control of Obesity :
(i) Diet Management: Low calorie, normal protein, vitamins and mineral, restricted carbohydrate and fat, high fiber diet can prevent overweight.
(ii) Physical exercise: A low calorie diet accompanied by moderate exercise will be effective in causing weight loss. Meditation, yoga and physical activity can also reduce stress related to overeating.

The following steps may help in controlling and prevent the spreading of HIV infection:
(i) Screening of blood from blood banks for HIV before transfusion.
(ii) Ensuring the use of disposable needles and syringes in hospitals and clinics.
(iii) Advocating safe sex and advantages of using condoms.
(iv) Creating awareness campaign and educating people on the consequences of  AIDS.
(v) Persons with HIV/AIDS should not be isolated from the family and society.

When smoke is inhaled the chemicals get absorbed by the tissues and cause the following harmful effects.
(i) Benzopyrene and polycyclic hydrocarbons present in tobacco smoke is carcinogenic causing lung cancer.
(ii) Causes inflammation of throat and bronchi leading to conditions like bronchitis and pulmonary tuberculosis.
(iii) Inflammation of lung alveoli decrease surface area for gas exchange and cause emphysema.
(iv) Carbon monoxide of tobacco smoke binds to hemoglobin of RBC and decreases its oxygen carrying capacity causing hypoxia in body tissues.
(v) Increased blood pressure caused by smoking leads to increased risk of heart disease.
(vi) Causes increased gastric secretion which leads to gastric and duodenal ulcers.
(vii) Tobacco chewing causes oral cancer (mouth cancer).