Industrial clusters are groups of firms in a defined geographic area that share common markets, technologies and skill requirements.

Taxation is a means by which governments finance their expenditure by imposing charges on citizens and corporate entities.

Purchasing power is the value of a currency expressed in terms of the amount of goods or services that one unit of money can buy. Price increases purchasing power declines and vice versa.

a) In the manufacturing sector Japan announced its co-operation of training 30,000 people in the Japan India Institute of Manufacturing.
b) It provides Japanese style of manufacturing skills to enhance India's manufacturing industry base and contribute to 'Make in India and 'Skill India' initiatives.

Tamilnadu is bounded by the Bay of Bengal in the east
i) Kerala in the west
ii) Karnataka in the northwest
iii) Andhra Pradesh in the north
iv) Indian Ocean in the south.

i) In 1816, F.W. Ellis, formulated the theory that the south Indian languages belonged to a separate family which was unrelated to the Indo-Aryan family of languages.
ii) Robert Caldwell (1814-1891) expanded this argument in a book titled, "A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South Indian Family of Languages." in 1856.
iii) He established the close affinity between the Dravidian languages in contrast with Sanskrit and also established the antiquity of Tamil.

i) Annie Besant, an Irish lady and leader of the Theosophical Society, Home Rule in 1916 and carried forward the demand for home rule all over India.
ii) She started the news papers New India and Commonweal to carry forward her agenda.
iii) She wrote two books, How India wrought for freedom and India: 'A Nation and a pamphlet on self-government.'

i) Congress was divided into two groups viz pro changers and no changers.
ii) Some of the congressmen led by Motilal Nehru and C.R. Das wanted to contest the elections and enter the legislature.
iii) They argued that the national interest could be promoted by working in the legislative councils under Dyarchy and wrecking the colonial government from within. They were called the pro - changers.
iv) The followers of leaders Gandhi, Vallabhbhai Patel and C. Rajaji were known as no - changers. They wanted to continue non-cooperation with the Government.

i) India was economically subjugated and transformed into a supplier of raw material to the British industries.
ii) It became a market to dump English manufactures and for the investment of British capital.
iii) The colonial economy was a continuous transfer of resources from India to Britain without any favourable returns back to India.
iv) This is called "the drain of wealth".

i) The Nawab sent an additional contingent of sepoys to Mahfuzkhan and the reinforced army proceeded to Tirunelveli.
ii) Besides the 1000 sepoys of the Company, Mahfuzkhan received 600 more sent by the Nawab.
iii) He also had the support of cavalry and foot soldiers from the Carnatic.
iv) Before Mafuzkhan could station his troops near Kalakadu, 2000 soldiers from Travancore joined the forces of Puli Thevar.
v) In the battle at Kalakadu Mahfuzkhan's troops were routed.

India has four major shipyards. Hindustan shipyard in Vishakhapatnam, Garden Reach: workshop in Kolkata, Mazagaon Dock in Mumbai, Kochi Shipyard in Kochi. India is the second largest ship owning country in Asia and ranks 16th in the World.

Form of Iron ores	Iron Content (%)
Magnetite	72.4%
Hematite	69.9%
Goethite	62.9%
Limonite	55%
Siderite	48.2%

Agriculture in India is determined by a set of factors.
They are:
 (i) Physical factors: relief, climate, and soil.
 (ii) Institutional factors: Size of farm holdings, land tenure, and land reforms.
 (iii) Infrastructural factors: Irrigation, power, transport, credit, market and insurance.                      
 (iv) Technological factors: High yielding varieties of seeds, chemical fertilizers, insecticides etc.

(i) Globalization was characterized by the rise of maritime European empires, in the 16^th and 17^th centuries.
(ii) In 17^th century, globalization became private business phenomenon like British East India Company described as the first multinational company.

Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, Meghalaya Mizoram, Tripura and Arunachal Pradesh  

(f) He should be a citizen of India.
(ii) He should not be less than 30 years of age.
(iii) He should not hold any office of profit under any Government.
(iv) He should be a person with sound mind and monetarily solvent

On the basis of their content and direction, directive principles they can be classified into three broad categories, viz, socialistic, Gandhian and liberal-intellectual.

Wildlife sanctuary is an area where wild animals and plants are protected. It is a declared protected area where very limited human activities are allowed.

(i) These are the eastern off-shoot of Himalayas. It extended in the north-eastern states of India. Most of these hills are located along the border of India and Myanmar while others are inside India.
(ii) Dafla Hills, Abor Hills, Mishmi Hills, Patkai Bum Hills, Naga Hills, Manipur Hills, Mizo Hills, Tripura Hills, Mikir Hills, Garo Hills, and Khasi Hills are the hills which are collectively known as purvanchal hills.

(i) The Namdhari Movement, founded by Baba Ram Singh, was another socio-religious movement among the Sikhs.
(ii) The Namdharis insisted on wearing the symbols of Sikhism except the kirpan (sword).
(iii) Instead, Baba Ram Singh wanted his' followers to carry a lathi. It considered both men and women equal and accepted widow remarriage.
(iv) It prohibited the dowry system and child marriage.

(i) The East European communist states, under the Soviet umbrella, were also in a deep economic and social crisis.
(ii) Gorbachev's decision to loosen the Soviet control on the countries of Eastern Europe created an independent, democratic momentum.
(iii) A series of workers' strikes undermined the communist regimes first in Poland and then in Hungary.
(iv)  A wave of demonstrations that swept East Germany led to demolition of the Berlin Wall in 1989.

(i) The United States and the Soviet Union entered into a race to have more nuclear-powered weapons.
(ii) They built a large stockpile of such weapons.
(iii) Britain and France also developed their own nuclear weapons.
(iv) Countries began to devote a large amount of resources in developing more and more powerful weapons of great destructive power, and defense spending sky-rocketed in many countries.

The defensive measures adopted by various nations to safeguard its economic interests led to an unprecedented decline in world economic activity. As its effect was deep and prolonged economists and historians call it the Great Depression.

(i) 1914 is a turning point in world history.
(ii) The political and social processes that began in 1789 culminated in the First World War that broke out in that year and decisively shaped the course of the twentieth century.
(iii) Historians therefore call this as 'the long twentieth century'.

i) Globalization is the integration of a country with the world economy.
ii) Globalization signifies a process of internationalization plus liberalization.

a) Primary sector (Agricultural sector) : 
(i) Cattle farm  (ii) Fishing  (iii) Mining
b) Secondary sector : (Industrial sector)
(i) Cotton textiles   (ii) Small scale industries   (iii) Cement 
c) Tertiary sector : (Service sector) 
(i) Government  (ii) Transport  (iii) Banking

a) The Governor is the Constitutional head of the State Executive.
b) The executive powers of the state are vested in the Governor.
c) Every Bill passed by the State Legislature will become law only after his signature.
d) He can dismiss the Council of Ministers when it is unable to prove the confidence of the Legislative Assembly.
e) He may recommend to the president to impose the President's rule in the state.

(i) The Lok Sabha is presided over by the 'speaker'. He is elected by its members.
(ii) The office of the Speaker occupies an essential position in our Parliamentary democracy.
(iii) The Speaker continues to be in the office even in the houses dissolved, till a new Speaker is elected by the new Lok Sabha.
(iv) The Speaker presides over a joint sitting of the two Houses of Parliament.
(v) He has the power to decide whether a Bill is Money Bill or an ordinary one.

i) The centre-state relations can be studied under three heads
ii) They are,     
a) Legislative relations
b) Administrative relations
c) Financial relations.

Communication is a process that involves exchange of information, thoughts and ideas.
Communication is categorized into
(1) Personal communication and
(2) Mass communication

Based on carbon content, it is classified into the following types.
(i) Anthracite: contains 80 to 90% carbon
(ii) Bituminous: contains 60 to 80% carbon
(iii) Lignite: contains 40 to 60% carbon
(iv) Peat: contains less than 40% carbon

i) Multipurpose Project is a scientific management of water resources in our country. Construction of dam across rivers is aimed at many purposes.
ii) The various purposes of a dam serves are irrigation, hydro power generation, water supply for drinking and industrial purpose, controlling floods, development of fisheries, navigation, etc. Irrigation and hydro-power are the major aims of the projects.

S. No	Biosphere Reserves	State
(1)	Agasthiyamalai	Kerala
(2)	Nanda devi	Uttarakhand
(3)	Gulf of Mannar	Tamil Nadu
(4)	Kanchenjunga	Sikkim
(5)	Great Nicobar	Andaman

Narmada, Tapti, Mahi and Sabarmathi are the west following rivers of India.

a) Ayyankali challenged many caste conventions such as clothing style. He wore clothes associated with upper castes that were prohibited for lower castes.
b) He rode on an ox - cart challenging the ban on untouchables from accessing public roads used by caste Hindus.
c) Ayyankali founded the Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangam and raised funds to educate the lower caste Pulaya people.
d) Ayyankali fought for basic rights including access to public places and entry to schools.

a) The capitalist countries led by the U.S. were politically designated as the First World.
b) The Communist States led by the Soviet Union came to be known as the Second world.
c) States outside these two were called Third World.

i) In, 1942 the Report Commonly known as the Beveridge Report was published in the U.K.
ii) It proposed a series of measures which the Government should adopt to provide the Citizens.
iii) The major impediments are adequate income, health care, education, housing and employment to overcome poverty and discase.

a) In 1929 the Vietnamese soldiers mutinied, and there was a failed attempt to assassinate the French Governor-General.
b) This was followed by a large scale peasant revolt led by the Communists.
c) The revolt was crushed and thousands of rebels were killed. This incident is known as the 'White Terror'.

(i) In 1894 Japan forced a war on China.
(ii) The crushing defeat of China by little Japan in the Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) surprised the whole world.
(iii) Despite the warning of the three great powers Russia, Germany and France Japan annexed the Liaotung peninsula with Port Arthur.
(iv) By this action Japan proved that it was the strongest nation of the East Asia.