a) Entrepreneurship is a process of a action of an entrepreneur who undertakes to establish his enterprise
b) It is the ability to create and build something.

To begin with, some clusters, especially chemicals, textiles and leather clusters, tend to generate a lot of polluting effluents that affect health. The effluents also pollute water bodies into which effluents are let into and also adjoining agricultural lands.
Second, employment generation potential has declined because of use of frontier technologies because of the need to compete globally. Quality of employment also has suffered in recent years as most workers are employed only temporarily. This issue too requires urgent attention among policymakers.

Industrial clusters are groups of firms in a defined geographic area that share common markets, technologies and skill requirements.

i) Black money is funds earned on the black market on which income and other taxes have not been paid.
ii) The unaccounted money that is concealed from the tax administrator is called black money.

i) The goods and service tax (GST) is one of the indirect taxes.
ii) The GST was passed in Parliament on 29 March 2017.
iii) The act came into effect on 1 July 2017.
iv) The motto is one nation, one market, one tax.

(i) Canon of equality
(ii) Canon of certainty.
(iii) Canons of Economy and convenience.
(iv) Canons of Productivity and elasticity

(i) Puratchi Thalaivar MGR Nutrition Meal Programme
(ii) Pradhan Manthri Gramodaya Yojana Scheme.
(iii) Tamil Nadu Integrated Nutrition Programme
(iv) Mid-day Meal Programme.

There are 3 basic components of food and nutrition security they are availability, access and absorption
i) Availability of food:
It is physical availability of food stocks in desired quantities,
ii) Access to food:
Access to food is primarily a matter of purchasing power, linked with the capabilities and employment opportunities to earn.
iii) Absorption of food:
Absorption of food is the ability to biologically utilise the food consumed.

a) In the manufacturing sector Japan announced its co-operation of training 30,000 people in the Japan India Institute of Manufacturing.
b) It provides Japanese style of manufacturing skills to enhance India's manufacturing industry base and contribute to 'Make in India and 'Skill India' initiatives.

a) The trilateral agreement was signed between India, Afghanistan and Iran.
b) It has led to the establishment of transit and transport corridor among three countries using Chabahar port.
c) This port is seen as golden gateway for India to access landlocked markets of Afghanistan and Central Asia bypassing Pakistan.

i) Indo - Afghan relation was strengthened by the Strategic Partnership Agreement.
ii) SPA provides assistance to rebuild Afghan's infrastructure, institutions, agriculture, water, education, health and providing duty free access to the Indian market.

Difference between Domestic policy an Foreign policy:

S.No	Domestic Policy	Foreign Policy
1.	Domestic policy is the nation's plan for dealing issues within its own nation.	Foreign policy is the nation's plan for dealing with other nations.
2.	It includes laws focusing on domestic affairs, social welfare, health care, education, civil rights, economic and social issues.	Trade, diplomacy sanctions, defence, intelligence and global environments are the types of foreign policy.

i) India is always for disarmament. It is against the use of nuclear weapons.
ii) The two themes of Indian nuclear doctrine are - No first use and Credible minimum deterrence.
iii) India has decided not to use nuclear power for 'offensive purposes' and would never use against any non-nuclear state.

Foreign policy can be defined as a country's policy that is conceived, designed and formulated to safeguard and promote her national interests in her external affairs, in the conduct of relationships with other countries, both bilaterally and multilaterally.

i) Chennai has a well established sub urban railway network, a Mass Rapid Transport System (MRTS).
ii) It is currently developing a Metro system with its underground stretch in operation since May 2017.

Multipurpose projects of Tamilnadu are:
i) Mettur Dam
ii) Sathanur Dam
iii) The Papanasam Dam
iv) Bhavani Sagar dam
v) Mullaiperiyar Dam
vi) Parampikulam Aliyar Project
vii) Amaravathi Dam
viii) Vaigai Dam
ix) Krishnagiri Dam
x) Manimuthar Dam

A large number of textile mills are concentrated in Coimbatore. Hence Coimbatore is called the 'Manchester of Tamilnadu'.

The tributaries of river Thamirabarani are:
i) Karaiyar
ii) Manimuthar
iii) Ramanathi
iv) Servalar
v) Gadananathi
vi) Chittar
vii) Pachaiyar

Pamban, Hare Krusadai Nallathanni Theevu, Pullivasal, Srirangam, Upputanni, Island Grounds, Kattupalli Island, Quibble Island and Vivekananda Rock Memorial are some major islands of Tamilnadu.

Tamilnadu is bounded by the Bay of Bengal in the east
i) Kerala in the west
ii) Karnataka in the northwest
iii) Andhra Pradesh in the north
iv) Indian Ocean in the south.

i) In 1816, F.W. Ellis, formulated the theory that the south Indian languages belonged to a separate family which was unrelated to the Indo-Aryan family of languages.
ii) Robert Caldwell (1814-1891) expanded this argument in a book titled, "A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South Indian Family of Languages." in 1856.
iii) He established the close affinity between the Dravidian languages in contrast with Sanskrit and also established the antiquity of Tamil.

i) The cultural hegemony of colonialism and the rise of humanism brought several changes in the socio-cultural life of the Indian subcontinent.
ii) Modern Tamil Nadu too experienced such a historical transition. Tamil language and culture played a significant role in their identity construction.
iii) The introduction of printing press, linguistic research on Dravidian languages, etc..... underpinned the process of Tamil renaissance.
iv) Although religious literature was taken up predominantly for publication in the early years after the advent of printing technology, things began to change gradually.

i) Rajaji introduced Hindi as a compulsory subject in schools.
ii) This was considered to be a form of Aryan and North Indian imposition detrimental to Tamil language and culture, and therefore caused much public resentment.
iii) E.V.R organised an anti-Hindi Conference at Salem.
iv) The Scheduled Castes Federation and the Muslim League extended its support to the anti- Hindi agitation.
v) Natarajan and Thalamuthu, two of the enthusiastic agitators died in prison.
vi) A rally was organised from Tiruchirappalli to Madras.
vii) More than 1200 protestors including EVR were arrested.
viii) After the resignation of the Congress Ministry, Hindi was removed as compulsory subject.

i) E.V.R. campaigned vigorously for the promotion and sale of Khadi.
ii) He was against the consumption of liquor.
iii) He played a key role in the satyagraha for temple entry in Vaikom.
iv) In those days the depressed classes were not permitted to enter temples and to walk on the streets around the temple in Vaikom or come within certain distance of the upper castes. He fought against this social evil.
v) In June 1925, the ban on the roads around the temple was lifted. The ban on temple entry was also lifted.
vi) For his contribution against temple entry he was hailed as ‘ Vaikom Hero ’.

i) Congress was divided into two groups viz pro changers and no changers.
ii) Some of the congressmen led by Motilal Nehru and C.R. Das wanted to contest the elections and enter the legislature.
iii) They argued that the national interest could be promoted by working in the legislative councils under Dyarchy and wrecking the colonial government from within. They were called the pro - changers.
iv) The followers of leaders Gandhi, Vallabhbhai Patel and C. Rajaji were known as no - changers. They wanted to continue non-cooperation with the Government.

i) The caliph of Turkey, who was considered the head of Muslims of the world, was given a harsh treatment.
ii) A movement was started in his support and it was called the Khilafat movement led by the Ali brothers Maulana Muhammad Ali and Maulana Shaukat Ali.
iii) Gandhi supported the movement and saw in it an opportunity to unite Hindus and Muslims.

i) On 13 April 1919 a public meeting was arranged at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar.
ii) The villagers had assembled there in thousands.
iii) General Reginald Dyer surrounded the place with his troops and an armoured vehicle.
iv) The only entrance to the park that was surrounded on all sides by high walls was blocked, and firing took place without any warning.
v) The firing lasted for ten minutes till the troops ran out of ammunition.
vi) According to official estimates 379 were killed and more than thousand injured.
vii) This incident is called the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.

i) To attain self - government within the British Empire by using constitutional means.
ii) To obtain the status of dominion a political position accorded later to Australia, Canada, South Africa and New Zealand.
iii) To use non-violent constitutional methods to achieve their goals.

i) India was economically subjugated and transformed into a supplier of raw material to the British industries.
ii) It became a market to dump English manufactures and for the investment of British capital.
iii) The colonial economy was a continuous transfer of resources from India to Britain without any favourable returns back to India.
iv) This is called "the drain of wealth".

i) Restorative rebellions
ii) Social Banditry
iii) Religious Movements
iv) Mass Insurrection

a) Under the terms of the Carnatic Treaty 1801, the British assumed direct control over Tamilagam
b) The Palayakkarar system came to an end with the demolition of all forts and disbandment of their army

i) The Company had gained the right to collect taxes from Panchalamkurichi.
ii) The Company appointed its Collectors to collect taxes from all the Palayams.
iii) The Collectors humiliated the Palayakkarars and adopted force to collect the taxes. This was the bone of contention between the English and Kattabomman.

Duties of Palayakkarars:
a) Collect revenue
b) Administer the territory
c) Settle disputes
d) Maintain law and order

i) A better economy introduces rapid development of the capital market.
ii) Standard of living has increased.
iii) Globalization rapidly increases better trade so that more people are employed.
iv) Introduced new technologies and new scientific research patterns
v) Globalization increases the GDP of a country.

 Multi National Corporation (MNC) is a corporate organization which owns or controls production of goods and services in at least one country other than its home country.

i) Globalization is the integration of a country with the world economy.
ii) Globalization signifies a process of internationalization plus liberalization.

Economic policies in India:
i) Agricultural policy
ii) Industrial policy
iii) New Economic policy

a) In the value added approach the value added by each intermediate goods is summed to estimate the value of the final goods.
b) The sum of the value added by all the intermediate goods used in production gives us the total value of the final goods produced in the economy.
Example:
To measure the market value of a cup of tea is, to add the value of each intermediate goods used to produce it such as tea powder, milk and sugar.

i) 'National Income is a measure of the total value of goods and services produced by an economy over a period of time, normally a year'.
ii) National Income is called as Gross National Product (GNP) or National Dividend.

a) As Courts of appeal, all High Courts entertain appeals in civil and criminal cases from their subordinate Courts as well as on their own.
b) They have, however no jurisdiction over tribunals established under the laws relating to the Armed Forces of the Country.

a) The Governor is the Constitutional head of the State Executive.
b) The executive powers of the state are vested in the Governor.
c) Every Bill passed by the State Legislature will become law only after his signature.
d) He can dismiss the Council of Ministers when it is unable to prove the confidence of the Legislative Assembly.
e) He may recommend to the president to impose the President's rule in the state.

a) He must be a citizen of India.
b) He should have worked as a judge of a High Court for atleast 5 years.
c) He should have worked as an advocate of High Court for atleast 10 years.
d) He is in the opinion of the President, a distinguished jurist.

(i) The Lok Sabha is presided over by the 'speaker'. He is elected by its members.
(ii) The office of the Speaker occupies an essential position in our Parliamentary democracy.
(iii) The Speaker continues to be in the office even in the houses dissolved, till a new Speaker is elected by the new Lok Sabha.
(iv) The Speaker presides over a joint sitting of the two Houses of Parliament.
(v) He has the power to decide whether a Bill is Money Bill or an ordinary one.

i) Under Article 352, the President can declare emergency if he is satisfied that India's security is threatened due to war, external aggression or armed rebellion or if there is an imminent danger or threat.
ii) When a national emergency is declared on the ground of war or external aggression it is known as external emergency.
iii) When it is declared on the ground of armed rebellion it is known as internal emergency.

i) Six languages are granted the classical language status.
ii) They are Tamil, Sanskrit, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam and Odia.

1. Railways promotes national integration by bringing people together.
2. It also promotes trade, tourism, education, etc.
3. Railways help in the commercialization of the agriculture sector by facilitating the quick movement of perishable goods.
4. Its role in transporting raw materials to industries and finished goods to markets is invaluable

Migration is the movement of people across regions and territories.
The types of migration are:
(1) Internal migration (within a country)
(2) International migration (between the countries).

Dr. Mahabub-ul-haq defined as "It is a process of enlarging the range of people's choice, increasing their opportunities for education, health care, income, and empowerment. It covers the full range of human choices from a sound physical environment to economic, social and political freedom".

a) The major jute producing areas are in West Bengal and is concentrated along the Hooghly river.
b) Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, Chhattisgarh and Odisha are the other Jute goods producing areas.

Based on carbon content, it is classified into the following types.
(i) Anthracite: contains 80 to 90% carbon
(ii) Bituminous: contains 60 to 80% carbon
(iii) Lignite: contains 40 to 60% carbon
(iv) Peat: contains less than 40% carbon

a) Any matter or energy derived from the environment that is used by living things including humans is called a natural resource.
b) The two types of resources are Renewable resources and Non-renewable resources.

Fisheries in India are a very important economic activity and a flourishing sector with varied resources and potentials.
There are 2 types of fishing categories. They are:
1) Marine or Sea Fisheries
2) Inland or Fresh Water Fisheries

1. Kharif season - June to September
2. Rabi season - October to March
3. Zaid season - April to June

It consists of calcium and magnesium carbonates, high quantities of iron, aluminium, lime and magnesia. It is rich in potash lime, aluminium, calcium and magnesium.

Project Tiger was launched in April 1973 with the aim to conserve tiger population in specifically constituted "Tiger Reserves" in India.

The most important trees are Rubber, Mahogany, Ebony, Rosewood, Coconut, Bamboo, Cinchona, Candes, Palm, Iron wood and Cedar.

a) The most dominant factors which affects the climate of India is the monsoon winds.
b) These are seasonal reversal winds and India remains in the influence of these winds for a considerable part of a year.
c) The onset of southwest monsoon brings down the temperature of the entire India and causes moderate to heavy rainfall in many parts of the country.
d) Similarly, the climate of southeast India is also influenced by northeast monsoon.

i) This is a small group of coral islands located off the west coast of India. It covers an area of 32 sq. km.
ii) Lakshadweep islands are separated from the Maldive islands by the Eight Degree Channel.
iii) The uninhabited Pitts island of this group has a bird sanctuary.
iv) Kavaratti is its administrative capital.

i) This physiographic division is the largest part of the plateau region of India. 
ii) The shape of this plateau is roughly triangular. 
iii) One of the sides of this triangle is marked by the line joining Kanyakumari with Raajmahal Hills and this line passes through the Eastern Ghats. 
iv) The second arm is marked by the Sapura Range, Mahadeo Hills, Maikal Range and the Raajmahal Hills. 
v) The third arm is marked by the Western Ghats. The area of this Plateau is about 7 lakh square km and the height ranges from 500 to 1000 m above sea level. 

The neighbouring countries of India are Pakistan and Afghanistan in the North-West, China, Nepal and Bhutan in the North and Bangladesh and Myanmar in the East.

(i) Iyothee Thassar went to Sri Lanka in 1898 and converted to Buddhism. In the same year, he founded the Sakya Buddhist Society at Madras to construct the rational religious philosophy through Buddhist religion.
(ii) He argued that the so-called untouchables were originally Buddhists who were stigmatized by Brahminism.

S.No	Reformist movement	Revival movement
(1)	A reform movement is a kind of social movement that aims to make gradual change or change in certain aspects of society, rather or fundamental changes.	Revival movements refer to spiritual movements which originate from a large folk revival.
(2)	A reform movement is distinguished from more radical social movements such as revolutionary movements.	Emphasising a personal relationship with God is typical of the movements.
(3)	Some of the famous Reformist movements are Brahmo Samji. The Prarthana Samaj and the Aligarh movement.	A few famous Revivalist movements are the Arya Samaj, the Ramakrishna Mission, and the Deoband movement.

Vivekananda's activist ideology rekindled the desire for political change among many western education young Bengalis. Many of the youths who were involved in the militant nationalist struggle during the Swadeshi movement following the Partition of Bengal were inspired by Vivekananda.

a) The capitalist countries led by the U.S. were politically designated as the First World.
b) The Communist States led by the Soviet Union came to be known as the Second world.
c) States outside these two were called Third World.

a) As Chiang Kai-sheik had built a circle of fortified ports around the communist positions, Mao wanted to move out of Hunan for safer territory.
b) By 1933 Mao had gained full control of the Chinese Communist party.
c) In 1934, the Communist army of about 100,000 set out on the Long March.
d) This march has become legendary.
e) Out of 1,00,000, only 20,000 finally reached Sheni after crossing 6,000 miles.

(i)  After the death of Sun Yat-Sen, Chiang Kai-shek became the leader of the Kuomintang party
(ii)  As an allowed critic of communists he removed all the communists from important positions in the party.
(iii) In 1928 he captured Peking and once again there was a central government in China.

i) The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, referred to as Bretton Woods Twins. They were both established in 1945 after the Bretton Woods conference in 1944.
ii) The two main organs of the World Bank are the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Agency (IDA). Together they often referred to as the World Bank.

a) Gifted with great oratorical skills, Hitler was able to sway the people by his impassioned speeches, promising return of glorious military past of Germany.
b) The fundamental principle on which Hitler built his support was the notion of the racial superiority of the Germans as a pure, 'Aryan' race and a deep-seated hatred of the Jews.

i) Mussolini of Italy,
ii) Adolf Hitler of Germany
iii) Franco of Spain

(i) Smuts believed that a coalition government was required to solve the country's economic problems.
(ii) Therefore the South Africa party and the National party united in 1934 to form the United South Africa's National Party or United Party for short.
(iii) In spite of misunderstandings and disagreements, the smuts - Herzog alliance lasted until 1939.

a) The 'Great Depression' dealt a death blow to Indian agriculture and the indigenous manufacturing sector.
b) The value of farm produce, declined by half. But the land rent to be paid by the peasant remained unchanged. In terms of prices of agricultural commodities, the obligation of the farmers to the state doubled.
c) The great fall in prices prompted Indian nationalists to demand protection for the internal economy.

a) In October 1922 in the context of a long ministerial crisis, Mussolini organised the Fascist March on Rome.
b) Impressed by the show of force, the King invited Mussolini to form a government.

The three militant forms of nationalism in Europe:
i) England's jingoism
ii) France's chauvinism
iii) Germany's Kultur.

Britain, France and Russia are the three countries in the Triple Entente.

(i) In 1894 Japan forced a war on China.
(ii) The crushing defeat of China by little Japan in the Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) surprised the whole world.
(iii) Despite the warning of the three great powers Russia, Germany and France Japan annexed the Liaotung peninsula with Port Arthur.
(iv) By this action Japan proved that it was the strongest nation of the East Asia.

a) Raising the productivity of Inputs:
One of the important objectives of India's agricultural policy is to improve the productivity of inputs so purchased like HYV seeds, fertilisers, pesticides, irrigation projects etc.
b) Raising value-added per hectare :
Agricultural policy is to increase per hectare value-added rather than raising physical output by raising the productivity of agriculture in general and productivity of small and marginal holding in particular.
c) Protecting the interests of poor farmers:
Agricultural policy in proposed to protect the interests of poor and marginal farmers by abolishing intermediaries through land reforms, expanding in institutional credit support to poor farmers, etc.
d) Modernising agricultural sector:
Here the policy support includes the introduction of modern technology in agricultural operations and application of improved agricultural inputs like HYV seeds, fertilizers, etc.
e) Environmental degradation :
Agricultural policy of India has set another objective to check environmental degradation of natural base of Indian agriculture,
f) Removing bureaucratic obstacles:
The policy has set another objective to reserve bureaucratic obstacles on the farmer's co- operative societies and self help institutions so that they can work independently.