1. The term 'Wildlife' includes animals of any habitat in nature. Wild animals are non - domesticated animals and includes both vertebrates (fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals) and invertebrates like bees, butterflies, moth, etc. 
2. India has rich and diversified wildlife.
3. The Indian fauna consists of about 81,251 species of animals out of the world's total of about 1.5 million species.
4. Our country is the home to tigers, lions, leopards, snow leopards, pythons, wolves, foxes, bears, antelope species, monkeys, wild dogs, camels, snakes, crocodiles, rhinoceroses, varieties of bison, and the mighty Asian elephants.
5. Hunting, poaching, deforestation, and other anthropogenic interferences in natural habitats have caused the extinction of some species.
6. The Government of India has exacted the wildlife (protection)Act in 1972 with the objective of protecting the wildlife of the country.
7. To preserve the country's rich and diverse wildlife 102 National Parts and about 515 wild life sanctuaries across the country have been created.

1. Biosphere reserves are protected areas of land coastal environments wherein people are an integral component of the system.
2. The Indian Government has established 18 Biosphere Reserves in India which protect larger areas of natural habitat and often include one or more National Parks with buffer zones that are open to some economic uses.
3. Eleven of the eighteen biosphere reserves (Gulf of Mannar, Nanda Devi, the Nilgiris, Nokrek, Pachmarhi, Simlipal, Sunderbans, Agasthiyamalai, Great Nicobar, Kanjanjunga, and Amarkhanak) of India fall under the list of Man and Biosphere programme of UNESCO.

1. Latitude:
(i) India lies between 8^o4'N and 37^o6'N latitudes.
(ii) The Tropic of Cancer divides the country into two equal halves.
(iii) The area located to the south of the Tropic of Cancer experiences high temperature and no severe cold season throughout the year.
(iv) The areas of the north of this parallel enjoy subtropical climates.
2. Altitude:
(i) When the altitude increases, the temperature decreases.
(ii) Temperature decreases at the rate of 6.5^oC for every 1000 meters of ascent. It is called the 'normal lapse rate'.
(iii) Hence, places in the mountains are cooler than the places on the plains.
(iv) Ooty and several hill $tations of South India and of the Himalayan ranges like Mussourie, Shimla, etc are much cooler than the places located on the Great plains.

Climate of India is affected by the factors of latitude, altitude, distance from the seas, monsoon wind, relief features and jet stream
1. Latitude:
(i) India lies between 8^o4'N and 37^o6'N latitudes.
(ii) The Tropic of Cancer divides the country into two equal halves.
(iii) The area located to the south of the Tropic of Cancer experiences high temperature and no severe cold season throughout the year.
(iv) The areas of the north of this parallel enjoy sub tropical climates.
2. Altitude:
(i) When the altitude increases, the temperature decreases.
(ii) Temperature decreases at the rate of 6.5^oC for every 1000 meters of ascent. It is called the 'normal lapse rate'.
(iii) Hence, places in the mountains are cooler than the places on the plains.
(iv) Ooty and several hill stations of South India and of the Himalayan ranges like Mussourie, Shimla, etc are much cooler than the places located on the Great plains.

(i) The southwest monsoon begins to retreat from north India by the end of September due to the southward shifting pressure belts.
(ii) The southwest monsoon wind returns from Indian landmass and blows towards Bay of Bengal.
(iii) The Coriolis force deflects this wind and makes it to blow from northeast. Hence, it is known as Northeast monsoon or Postmonsoon season.
(iv) The season is associated with the establishment of the north -easterly wind system over the Indian subcontinent.
(v) Many parts of Tamil Nadu and some parts of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka receive rainfall during this season due to the storms forming in the Bay of Bengal.
(vi) Large scale losses to life and property occur due to heavy rainfall, strong winds and storm surge in the coastal regions.
(vii) The day time temperatures start falling sharply all over the country.
(viii) The mean temperature over north-western parts of the country shows a decline from about 38°C in October to 28°C in November.

Climate of India is affected by the factors of latitude, distance from the seas, monsoon wind, relief features, and jet stream.
(i) Latitude: 
(a) Latitudinally, India lies between 8°4'N and 37°6'N latitudes.
(b) The Tropic of Cancer divides the country into two equal halves.
(c) The area located to the south of Tropic of cancer experiences high temperature and no severe cold season throughout the year whereas, the areas to the north of this parallel enjoys sub-tropical climate.
(d) Here, summer temperature may rise above 40°C and it is close to freezing point during winter.
(ii) Altitude:
(a) When the altitude increases, The temperatures decreases.
(b) Temperature decreases at the rate of 6SC for every 1000 meters of ascent. It is called normal lapse rate.
(c) Hence, places in the mountains are cooler than the places on the plains.
(d) That is why the places located at higher altitudes even in south India have a cool climate.
(e) Ooty and several other hill stations of south India and of the Himalayan ranges like Mussoorie, Shimla, etc., are much cooler than the places located on the Great Plains.