Rice:
i) Rice is an indigenous crop.
ii) India is the second largest producer of rice in the world after China.
iii) It is mainly a tropical crop, growing mainly with mean temperatures of 24°C and annual rainfall of 150 cm.
iv) Deep fertile clayey or loamy soils are suited well for rice cultivation.
v) It also needs abundant supply of cheap labour.
vi) The first 10 leading rice producing sites are West Bengal (First in India), Uttar Pradesh,Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Assam and Haryana.
Wheat:
i) Wheat is the second most important food crop of the country, after rice.
ii) It accounts for 22% of the total area and 34% of the total production of food grains in the country.
iii) It requires 10-15°C at the time of sowing and 20-25°C at the time of ripening of grains.
iv) Over 85% of the India's wheat production comes from 5 states namely Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. Apart from these regions, the black soil tract of the Deccan covering parts of Maharashtra and Gujarat also contribute a major wheat production.

Intensive farming:
i) Intensive farming is an agricultural intensification and mechanization system. It aims to maximise yields from available land through various means, such as heavy use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers.
ii) Plantation forming is practices in West Bengal, Kerala, Tamilnadu and Karnataka.
Plantation farming:
i) Plantation crops are cultivated for the purpose of exports. These are cultivated in large estates on hilly slopes. Tea, coffee, rubber and spices are the major plantation crops of India.

(i) Multipurpose Project is a scientific management of water resources in our country. Construction of dam across rivers is aimed at many purposes.
(ii) The various purposes of a dam serves are irrigation, hydro power generation, water supply for drinking and industrial purpose, controlling floods, development of fisheries,navigation,etc. Irrigation and hydro-power are the major aims of the projects.
Two import river valley projects (Multipurpose projects):
Bhakra Nangal project:
i) Bhakra Nangal project is constructed across the river Sutlej.
ii) It is the highest gravity dam in India.
iii) The states of Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan are benefited by this project.
Hirakud project:
i) Hirakud project is constructed across the river Mahanadi in Odisha.
ii) This is the longest dam in the world.
iii) The state benefited by this project is Odisha.

Soil Type Characteristics
Distribution
Crops growing
Alluvial Soil Khadar- light coloured, more siliceous.
Bhangar - the older alluvium composed of lime nodules and has clayey composition. It is dark in colour.
Formation - sediments deposited by streams and rivers 
Chemical properties - rich in potash, phosphoric acid, lime and carbon compounds but poor in nitrogen
Nature - Sandy-loam-silt-clay  Ganga and Brahmaputra river valleys; Plains of Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Punjab, Haryana, West Bengal and Bihar Rice, Wheat, sugarcane and oilseeds Black soils Formation - Derived from basalts of Deccan trap.
Colour - black colour, due to presence of titanium, iron.
Chemical properties - Consist of calcium and magnesium carbonates, high quantities of iron, aluminium, lime and magnesia. Maharashtra and Malwa plateaus, Kathiawar peninsula, Telangana and Rayalaseema region of Andra Pradesh and northern part of Karnataka. Cotton, Millets, Tobacco and Sugarcane Red soils Formation - decomposition of ancient crystalline rocks like granites and gneisses and from rock type
Chemical properties - rich in minerals such as iron and magnesium. Deficient in nitrogen, hummus, phosphoric acid and lime.
Nature - Light texture, porous, friable, presence of limited soluble salts Clay fraction of the red soils generally consists of Kaolinitic minerals. Eastern parts of Deccan plateau, southern states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Chota Nagpur plateau (Jharkhand) Wheat, Rice, Cotton, Sugarcane and Pulses Laterite soils Formation - formed in the regions where alternate wet and hot dry conditions prevail. It is formed by
the process of leaching
Chemical properties - Composed mainly of hydrated oxides of iron and aluminium,
Nature - More acidic on higher areas poor in high level, cannot retain moisture while plains they consist of heavy loam and clay and easily retain moisture Assam hills, hill summits of Kerala and Karnataka and Eastern Ghats and region of Odisha Coffee, Rubber, Cashew nut and Tapioca Forest and Mountain Soils Differ from region to region depending on climate.
Formation - due to mechanical weathering caused by snow, rain, temperature variation
Chemical properties - are deficient in potash, phosphorus and lime.
Nature - light, sandy, thin and found with the pieces of rock. Their character changes with the parent rocks. Very rich in humus. slow decomposition makes it acidic Coniferous forest belts of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Sikkim. Eastern and the Western Ghats Coffee, tea, rice, maize, potato, barley, tropical fruits and various types of spices