Indian agriculture and Indian farmers are plagued by several problems. Some of them are natural and some others are manmade.
Small and fragmented land-holdings:
The problem of small and fragmented holdings is more serious in densely populated and intensively cultivated states in India.
High costs of inputs:
Good quality seeds are out of reach for many small and marginal farmers due to their high price.
Infertile Soil:
Indian soils have been used for growing crops over thousands of years without caring much for replenishing. This has led to depletion and exhaustion of soils resulting low productivity.
Lack of Irrigation:
Only one-third of the cropped area falls under irrigated area. To make agriculture reliable, irrigation facility has to be developed.
Lack of mechanization:
In spite of the large scale mechanization of agriculture in some parts of the country, most of the agricultural operations in larger parts are carried on by human hand using simple and conventional tools.
Soil erosion:
Large tracts of fertile land suffer from soil erosion by wind and water.
Agricultural marketing:
i) Due to the absence of sound marketing facility, the farmers have to depend on local traders and middlemen for the disposal of their farm products sold at low price.
ii) Besides, there is a fluctuation in the prices of agriculture products.
Inadequate storage facilities:
Storage facilities in the rural areas are either totally absent or grossly inadequate. Under such conditions the farmers are compelled to sell their products immediately after the harvest irrespective of the condition of market.
Inadequate transport:
One of the main handicaps with Indian agriculture is the lack of cheap and efficient means of transportation.
Scarcity of capital:
i) Agriculture is an important industry which requires a huge capital.
ii) The role of capital plays a major role in the purchase of advanced farm machineries and equipments.

i) Fisheries in India are a very important economic activity and a flourishing sector with varied resources and potentials.
ii) Fishing in India is a major industry in its coastal states, employing over 14 million people. It produces about 3% of world's fish and occupies second place among the fish producing nations of the world after China.
iii) It also helps increasing food supply, generating employment, raising nutritional level and earning valuable foreign exchange. 
iv) In India, fishing is categorised into 2 types: they are,
1. Marine or Sea Fisheries
2. Inland or Fresh Water Fisheries
Marine or Sea Fisheries:
i) It includes coastal, off - shore and deep sea fisheries mainly on the continental shelves.
ii) Kerala leads in the marine fish production in India.
Inland or Fresh Water Fisheries:
Rivers, lakes, canals, reservoirs, ponds, tanks, etc. Are the sources of fresh water and provide fresh water fisheries. About 50% of the country's total fish production comes from the inland fisheries. Andhra Pradesh is the leading producer in India.

a. Dry Farming:
1. Dry farming is practiced in arid areas where irrigation facilities are lacking.
2. Crops cultivated in these areas can withstand dry conditions. 
3. The crops grown generally with the help of irrigation are also grown under dry farming. In such circumstances, the yields are generally low. Most of the areas under dry cultivation entertain only one crop, per year.
b. Mixed Farming Agriculture:
1. Mixed farming is defined as a system of farms that includes crop production, raising Iivestoclg poultry, fisheries, beekeeping, etc.
2. It sustains and satisfies the needs of the farmer as far as possible.

1. A considerable proportion of farmers in the country Factice subsistence farming.
2. In this, agricultural landholding is smalt. As the farmers are poor, they can't apply the modern inputs which cost more. They grow crops with the help of family members and consume almost the entire farm produce with little surplus to sell in the market.
3. Preference is given to food crops.
4. In addition to the food crops, sugarcane, oilseeds, cotton, jute, and tobacco are also cultivated.
5. Traditional farming method results in low productivity.

Indian agriculture and Indian farmers are plagued by several problems; some of them are natural and some others are manmade.
(i) Small and fragmented land-holdings: The problem of small and fragmented holdings is more serious in densely populated and intensively cultivated states in India.
(ii) High Costs of Inputs: Seed is a critical and basic input for attaining higher crop yields and sustained growth in agricultural production.
(iii) Infertile Soil: Indian soils have been used for growing crops over thousands of years without caring much for replenishing. This has led to depletion and exhaustion of soils resulting low productivity.
(iv) Lack of Irrigation: Only one- third of the cropped area falls under irrigated area. To make agriculture reliable, irrigation facility has to be developed.
(v) Soil erosion:  Large tracts of fertile land suffer from soil erosion by wind and water. Such kind of areas must be properly treated and restored to its original fertility.
(vi) Agricultural marketing: In rural India, agricultural marketing continues in bad shape. Due to the absence of sound marketing facility, the farmers have to depend on local traders and middlemen for the disposal of their farm products which is sold at a low price.
(vii) Inadequate storage facilities: Storage facilities in the rural areas are either totally absent or grossly inadequate. Under such conditions, the farmers are compelled to sell their products immediately after the harvest irrespective of the condition of market.

A tank is a natural or man-made hollow on the surface developed by constructing a small bund around it across a stream. It is used to collect and store water for irrigation and other purposes. Irrigation by tanks is a very old system in India. It also includes irrigation from lakes and ponds. The tank irrigation is popular in the peninsular India due to the following reasons:
(i) The undulating relief and hard rocks make difficult to dig canals and wells.
(ii) Natural depressions serve as reservoirs.
(iii) Absence of perennial rivers.
(iv) Impermeable rock structure which do not permit percolation.
(v) The scattered nature of population and agricultural fields