(i) India has two major island groups namely Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep.
(ii) Andaman - Nicobar islands consists of 572 islands. These islands are located in the Bay of Bengal.
(iii) Lakshadweep consists of 27 islands. They are located in the Arabian sea.
(a) Aadanal and Nicobar Island:
(i) These islands are located in an elevated portion of the submarine mountains. Since these islands lie close to the equator, the climate remains hot and wet throughout the year and has dense forests.
(ii) The area of the island group is about 8,249 sq.km.
(iii)The entire group of islands is divided into two. They are Andaman in the north and the Nicobar in the south.
(iv) Port Blair is the administrative capital of the Andaman and Nicobar islands.
(v) The Ten Degree Channel separates Andaman from the Nicobar group.
(vi) The southern most tip of India, the Indira Point is a part of Nicobar Island.
(b) Lakshadweep Islands:
(i) This is a small group of coral islands located off the west coast of India. It covers an area of 32 sq. km.
(iii) Lakshadweep islands are separated from the Maldive islands by the Eight Degree Channel.
(iv) The uninhabited Pitts island of this group has a bird sanctuary.
(v) Kavaratti is its administrative capital.
(c) Offshore island:
(i) Besides these two groups of islands India has a number of islands along the western coast, east coast, in the delta of the Ganga region, and Gulf of Mannar.
(ii) Many of these islands are uninhabited.

(i) This fertile plain lies to the south of the northern mountains.
(ii) This plain is one of the most extensive stretches of the alluvium in the world and is deposited by the rivers Indus, Ganga, Brahmaputra, and their Eibutaries.
(iii) The length of the plain is about 2,400 km and the width varies from 240 to 320 km.
(iv) Its width increases from east to west. It covers an area of over 7 lakh sq. km.
(v) The Great Plains of India is remarkably a homogeneous surface with an imperceptible slope.
(vi) They are formed mostly by the depositional process of the Himalayan and Vindhyan rivers,
(vii) These rivers deposit an enormous quantity of sediments deposited along the foot hills an4 flood plains.

(i) This physiographic division is the largest part of the plateau region of India.
(ii) The shape of the plateau is roughly triangular.
(iii) One of the sides of the triangle is marked by the line joining Kanyakumari with Raajmahal Hills.
(iv) The second arm is marked by the Satpura range, Mahadeo hills, Maikal range, and the Raajmahal Hills.
(v) The third arm is marked by the Western Ghats, which form the western edge of the peninsular plateau. It runs parallel to the Arabian Sea coast.
(vi) The northern part of this range is called Sahyadris.
(vii) Anai Mudi is a sort of tri-junction of the Anaimalai Range, the Cardamom Hills, and the Palani Hills.
(viii) Kodaikanal is a beautiful hill resort situated on the Palani hills.
(ix) The Eastern Ghats join the Western Ghats at the Nilgiri hills, bordering Karnataka and Tamilnadu.
(x) The rivers of Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Pennar, and Kaveri have dissected this range in many places.

(i) The plateau region lies to the south of the Great Northern Plains. This is the largest physiographic division of our country.
(ii) It covers an area of about 16 lakh sq.km (about half of the total area of the country). It is an old rocky plateau region.
(iii) Aravalli hills mark the north-western boundary of the plateau region.
(iv) Its northern and north-eastern boundaries are marked by the Bundelkhand upland, Kaimur and Rajmahal hills.
(v) The Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats mark the western and eastern boundaries respectively.
(vi) The peak of Anaimudi is the highest point in the plateau. Its height is 2,695 m and is located in Anaimalai.
(vii) River Narmada divides the plateau region of India broadly into 2 parts.
(viii) The region lying to the north of the Narmada is called the Central Highlands and the region lying to the south of Narmada is called the Deccan Plateau.
(ix) All the major rivers (Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri, etc.) lying to the south of the Vindhyas flow eastwards and fall into the Bay of Bengal.
(x) Narmada and Tapti are the two rivers situated to the south of the Vindhyas flow westward.
(xi) Their movement towards west is due to the presence of a rift valley in the region.

(i) Himalayas blocks southwest monsoon winds and causes heavy rainfall to north India.
(ii) It forms a natural barrier to the subcontinent.
(iii) It is the source for many perennial rivers like Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra, etc.
(iv) The Northern Mountains are described as the paradise of tourists due to its natural beauty.
(v) Many hill stations and pilgrim centers like Amarnath, Kedarnath, Badrinath, and Vaishnavi Devi temples are situated here.
(vi) It provides raw material for many forest based industries.
(vii) It prevents the cold winds blowing from the central Asia and protects India from severe cold.
(viii) Himalayas are renowned for the rich biodiversity.