Classification of Roads:
i) National Highways (NH): National Highways form the most important system of road transportation in India.
ii) These highways are connect capitals of states, major Ports, rail junctions, industrial and tourist centres.
iii) The longest National highway is NH - 44, which runs from Srinagar in Jammu Kashmir to Kanniyakumari in Tamil Nadu.
iv)The shortest national highway is NH-47A, which runs, from Ernakulum to Kochi port (Willington Island) covering a distance of 6 km.
State Highways:
The state highways are usually roads that link important cities, towns and district headquarters within the state and connect them with national highways or highways of neighboring states. These roads are administered and financed by state governments.
District Roads:
i) District Roads provide connectivity between the district and taluk headquarters with the state highways and national highways.
ii) District Roads are constructed and maintained by the Public Works Department of the states.
Rural Roads:
i) Rural roads connectivity is a key component of rural development. These roads are vital for providing links in the rural areas. It links the different villages with their neighboring towns.
ii) They are maintained by Village Panchayats.
Border Roads:
i) These are the roads of strategic importance in border areas.
ii) They are constructed and maintained by Border Roads Organization. It was established in 1960 for the development of the roads in the northern and northeastern border areas.
iii) Border Roads Organization has constructed world's highest road joining Chandigarh and Leh in Ladakh.
Golden Quadrilateral Roads:
Golden Quadrilateral 5,846 km long road of 4/6. lanes connects, India's the four metropolitan
cities Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai and Mumbai.
Expressways:
i) These roads are multilane good quality road for high speed traffic.
Eg: Mumbai - Pune road.
International Highways:
These roads link India with neighboring countries for promoting harmonious relationship with them.

i) The use of satellite in getting a continuous and synoptic view of larger area has made this communication system very vital for the country.
ii) Satellite images are used for weather forecasting, monitoring of natural calamities, surveillance of border areas, etc.
iii) The communication through satellites emerged as a new era in communication in our country after the establishment of Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) in 1969.
Two types:
Satellite system in India can be grouped into two-the Indian National Satellite System (INSAT) and the Indian Remote Sensing Satellite System (IRS).
Satellites :
i) The INSAT, established in 1983, is a multipurpose system for telecommunication, meteorological observation and for various other programs.
ii) The INSAT series are used for relaying signals to television, telephone, radio, mobile phone.
iii) It is also useful in weather detection, internet and military applications.
iv) The INSAT series, GSAT series, KALPANA-1, HAMSAT and EDUSAT are the major communication satellite used for communication purpose.
v) GSAT-7A is the recent launch (December 19, 2018) for communication programs. INSAT-IB launched on 30^th August 1983 is the first communication satellite in INSAT series.

The process of society's transformation from rural to urban is known as urbanization.
Urbanization in India:
i) The level of urbanization is measured in terms of percentage of urban population.
ii) Goa is the most urbanized state.
iii) Himachal Pradesh is the least urbanized state.
iv) Among the Union territories, Delhi is the most urbanized region followed by Chandigarh.
v) Among the major states, Tamil Nadu continues to be the second most urbanized state with 48.4% percent of urban population followed by Kerala and Maharashtra.
Impact of Urbanization:
i) Urbanization and population concentration go hand-in-hand and are closely related to each other.
ii) Rural to urban migration leads to population explosion in urban areas.
iii) Metropolitan cities like Mumbai, Kolkata and Delhi have more population than that can accommodate
iv) The following are the major problems of urbanization in India.
1. It creates urban sprawl.
2. It makes overcrowding urban centres.
3. It leads to shortage of houses in urban areas.
4. It leads to the formation of slums. (eg Chennai, Mumbai)
5. It increases traffic congestion in cities.
6. It creates water scarcity in cities,
7. It creates drainage problem.
8. It poses the problem of solid waste management.
9 It increases the rate of crime.