(i) The two-fold objective of the League of Nations was to avoid war and maintain peace in the world and to promote international cooperation in economic and social affairs.
(ii) The League intended to act as conciliator and arbitrator and thereby resolve a dispute in its early stages.
(iii) If wars should break out despite arbitration, the members should apply sanctions to the aggressor-first economic and then military.

i) Bourgeois is a French term.
ii) It refers to the characteristic of the middle class, typically with reference to its perceived materialistic values or conventional attitudes.

i) India contributed huge cash towards war expenses and also sent war materials. It caused huge economic distress.
ii) There were grain riots as poor people looted shops.
iii) India suffered world-wide epidemic of influenza.
iv) The War conditions led to the rise of Home Rule movement.
v) The Congress reunited during the war.
vi) The War had multiple effects on Indian society, economy and polity.

The two-fold objective of the League of Nations was to avoid war and maintain peace in the world and to promote international cooperation in economic and social affairs. The League intended to act as conciliator and arbitrator and thereby resolve a dispute in its early stages. If wars should break out despite arbitration, the members should apply sanctions to the aggressor-first economic and then military.

i) In January 1917 the Germans proclaimed that they would sink even neutral ships in certain waters.
ii) Lusitania, an American ship was torpedoed by a German submarine.
iii) There was lot of resentment in the USA and President Wilson declared war against Germany.

(i) The epicenter of the struggle was on the western front and on the seas.
(ii) As the Allies controlled the sea-routes, they cut off the supply of food and other material reaching the Central Powers.
(iii) In Germany and Austria women and children suffered from hunger and privation. Germany attacked England by air.
(iv) Bombs were thrown on London and places where there were major factories.
(v) The Germans introduced poison gas and soon both sides resorted to its use.

(a) Battle of Tannenberg
(i) In 1914 Russian forces invaded East Prussia. Germany defeated them decisively. In the battle of Tannenberg Russia suffered heavy losses.
(ii) This caused distraction and helped to relieve the pressure on the western front. The French army made all efforts to drive away the invading Germans.
(b) Battle of Marne
(i) At the Battle of the Marne (early September 1914), the French succeeded in pushing back the Germans.
(ii) Paris was thus saved.
(iii) The battle of Marne is a memorable one for trench warfare.

(i) Tsar Nicholas II of Russia suggested to the Powers that they meet together to bring about an era of universal peace.
(ii) In response two Peace Conferences were held at The Hague in Holland in 1899 and 1907, but in vain Russia fought on the side of the Allies.

Russia, France, Britain, Italy, the United States, Belgium, Serbia, Romania and Greece are the nine states that opposed the central powers.

(i) Kaiser proclaimed that Germany would be the leader of the world. The German navy was expanded.
(ii) Germany's aggressive diplomacy and rapid building of naval bases convinced Britain that a German navy could be directed only against her. Therefore, Britain embarked on a naval race, which heightened the tension between the two powers.

After 1905 Japan took control of Korean domestic and foreign policy. The assassination of a prominent Japanese diplomat provided the excuse in 1910 for Japan's annexation of Korea.

A trust is an industrial organization engaged in the production or distribution of any commodity. The trust would possess adequate control over the supply and price of that commodity to its own advantage.

The aim of capitalistic industry was to produce more and more. The surplus wealth thus produced was used to build more factories, railways, steamships or other such undertakings.

(i) 1914 is a turning point in world history.
(ii) The political and social processes that began in 1789 culminated in the First World War that broke out in that year and decisively shaped the course of the twentieth century.
(iii) Historians therefore call this as 'the long twentieth century'.

i) The Russian revolution fired people's imagination across the world.
ii) In many countries, communist parties were formed.
iii) The Russian Communist Government encouraged the colonies to fight for their freedom.
iv) Debates over key issues, land reforms, social welfare, workers' rights, and gender equality started taking place in a global context.